CELL

INJURY
MECHANISMS OF CELL INJURY
 Depletion of ATP.
 Damage to mitochondria.
 Influx of calcium.
 Accumulation of oxygen-derived free

radicals.
 Defects in membrane permeability.
 Damage to DNA & proteins.
DEPLETION OF ATP:
DEPLETION OF ATP:
DAMAGE TO MITOCHONDRIA :
INFLUX OF CALCIUM :
Neutralization of free radicals:
 Spontaneous decay (O2ˉ)

 Superoxide Dismutase (O2ˉ H2O2 + O2)

 Glutathione peroxidase
{OH΄ + GSH(glutathione) H2O + GSSG }
(oxidized glutathione)

 Catalase (2H2O2 ➙ O2 + 2H2O )

 Vitamin A,C,E .

 Storage or transport protein (transferrin,

& ceruloplasmin).
 Effects of free radical on the cell:

1. Lipid peroxidation of membranes

2. Cross-linking of proteins

3. DNA fragmentation
DEFECT IN MEMBERANE PERMEABILTY :
 Restoration of blood to ischemic tissues
 Can lead to either
1. Return to normal function or
2. Accelerated injury

 Examples include myocardial infarction & cerebral

infarction
Accelerated injury is due to:

1. Increased production of ROS

2. Inflammation --- Increased influx of leukocytes

3. Activation of complement system