EE 103 CIRCUITS 3

POWER AND POWER MEASUREMENT

IN THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS

Cesar G. Manalo, Jr.

 review of single-phase power
vR

2Ω i
+
v = 100 sin 377t 0.01H vL
-

v i
150
θvi
100
50
V
0
I
-50
-100
-150
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 review of single-phase power
vR

2Ω i
+
v = 100 sin 377t 0.01H vL
-

v p i
150 2000
θvi
100 1500
50 1000
V
0 500 I
P
-50 0
-100 -500
-150 -1000
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 review of single-phase power
vR

2Ω i
+
v = 100 sin 377t 0.01H vL
-

v p i
150 2000
θvi
100 1500
50 1000
V
0 500 I
P
-50 0
-100 -500
-150 -1000
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 review of single-phase power
P
 When power is on the + 2000
cycle, power is dissipated 1500
by the resistance (and 1000
stored by the inductor), 500
but when power is on the 0
– cycle, power is returned -500
0 01 01 01 02 01 12 14 16 18 02 22 24 01 28 01 32 34 36 38
0
. .
00 000 000 000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 000 0.0 000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
00 00 00 00 00 00
by the inductor to the -10000
0 00 000 000 000
0 0 0 0
00 000 000 000 6 00
0 0 00
0 00
0 0 00

2 4 6 8 02 03
source v. 00 00 00 00
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

 Since the power curve is positive more often than negative, this
curve will have a non-zero average value, given by,
Em I m
p ave  cos( v   i )  Vrms I rms cos( v   i ) where (θv-θi) is the angle bet. v & i
2
which is exactly the power consumed in single phase circuits.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 3-phase instantaneous and average power
A A
v AB (t )  Vm cos t IA
vBC (t )  Vm cos(t  120 o ) 230 V ZAB
IAB
vCA (t )  Vm cos(t  120 o ) B ICA
IB ZCA
 Assuming the load is ZBC
230 V 230 V
inductive, the current in B C
C IC IBC
each phase will lag its phase
voltage by an angle θφ.

p AB (t )  v AB (t ) i AB (t )  Vm I m cos t cos(t   )
pBC (t )  vBC (t ) iBC (t )  Vm I m cos(t  120o ) cos(t    120o )

pCA (t )  vCA (t ) iCA (t )  Vm I m cos(t  120o ) cos(t    120 o )

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 3-phase instantaneous and average power
A A
 Adding all the IA
instantaneous power 230 V ZAB
IAB
in the phases yields. B ICA
IB ZCA
ZBC
pTOT (t )  p A (t )  p B (t )  pC (t ) 230 V 230 V
IC B IBC C
C

cos t cos(t   )  cos(t  120o ) cos(t    120o )

pTOT (t )  Vm I m  
 cos(t  120 ) cos(t    120 )
o o


pTOT (t )  1.5Vm I m cos   1.5( 2V )( 2 I ) cos 

pTOT (t )  3V I cos 

where Vφ and Iφ are the RMS values of the phase voltage and current.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
3-phase instantaneous and average power
Power PTOT(t) = PAVE
2000

1500

1000
pab(t)
pbc(t)
500
Pca(t)
Ptot(t)
0
0 01 01 45 01 04 01 05 12 01 15 01 18 01 21 25 24 55 02 85 01 15 33 45 36 01 39
0
0 0
00 000 .00 000 000 000 .01 0.0 000 0.0 000 0.0 000 0.0 .02 0.0 .02 000 .02 000 .03 0.0 .03 0.0 000 0.0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t
0 00 000 0 00 000 000 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00
-5000
0 0
00 000 0
0 0 0
00 000 000 5 00
0
5 00
0
5 00
0
0 00
0
0 00
0
5 00
0
15 30 60 75 90 13 16 19 27 30 37
.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0
0 0 0 0 0

-1000

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 3-phase instantaneous and average power
 The instantaneous power of a balanced 3-phase load is a constant
independent of time!, that is, the power drawn (rate of energy
usage) of a balanced 3-phase load is constant at any given time.
 While the instantaneous power of the balanced 3-phase load is
constant, its individual phases instantaneous power is not!
 For a balanced 3-phase motor running at constant angular
velocity, the developed torque is a constant, which means the
motor is more stable (less vibration) mechanically.
 For a 3-phase generator connected to a balanced 3-phase load,
this means that the torque required to drive a generator is
constant.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 complex power
Let,

Circuit element
V | V |  v (voltage across a circuit element)
I | I |  i (current through a circuit element) V
I * | I |    i (complex conjugate of I )
VI * | V |  v | I |    i | V || I | ( v   i ) (polar form) I

VI * | V || I | cos( v   i )  j | V || I | sin( v   i ) (rectangular form)

VI *  P  jQ
 VI* is called the complex power of the circuit element. It reveals
the element’s real and reactive power components.
 If θi > θv (element is capacitive or pf is leading), Q will be negative.
 If θi < θv (element is inductive or pf is lagging), Q will be positive.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 complex power
For balance 3-phase loads, the load’s complex power is simply the
sum of the individual phase complex power. Letting ST = the
apparent power of 3-phase load in complex form;
ST  S 1  S 2  S 3
 | V || I | cos( v   i )  j | V || I | sin( v   i )
 | V || I | cos[( v  120o )  ( i  120o )]  j | V || I | sin[( v  120o )  ( i  120o )]
 | V || I | cos[( v  240 o )  ( i  240o )]  j | V || I | sin[( v  240o )  ( i  240 o )]

 | V || I | cos( v   i )  j | V || I | sin( v   i )
 | V || I | cos( v   i )  j | V || I | sin( v   i )
 | V || I | cos( v   i )  j | V || I | sin( v   i )

 3 | V || I | cos( v   i )  j | V || I | sin( v   i ) 
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
ST  3V I *
 complex power
ST  3V I *
But,
V | V | V
I | I |  I
I* | I |    I
Therefore,
ST  3| V | V | I |    I 
ST  3 | V || I | (V   I )
ST  3 VL I L   
where,
VL and IL are the magnitudes of the line voltage and line current
θφ is the power factor angle. Positive if lagging pf and negative if leading pf.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 complex power
 The formula for the complex apparent power can be graphically
represented as shown below;
QT Sφ3
Qφ3
ST
Sφ2
Qφ2
Sφ Sφ1
Qφ Qφ1
Pφ θvi Pφ1 Pφ2 Pφ3
θvi
Per phase power triangle 3-phase power triangle
PT
for inductive load for inductive loads

ST  3V I *  3( P  jQ )  PT  jQT

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 1

For the 3-phase load shown below, find:

1. Complex power of the 3-phase load
2. The effective and reactive power of the 3-phase load.
3. The effective and reactive power of the line impedances

A ZT
IA
+ 230 V
Ia a
- Z
ZT
B
c b IB
N Balance3-phase load,
-

Z
-

Z = 75+j 50 Ω
+

230 V 230 V
+

Z
Ic Ib ZT I ZT = 0.3 + j0.4
C C

3-phase Alternator Let:

VAB = 230 ∠30o
VBC = 230 ∠-90o
C. G. Manalo, Jr. VCA = 230 ∠150o
 Illustrative Problem 2
Find the following for the unbalanced 3-phase load : Real, reactive, apparent,
complex powers and power factor.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 2-Solution

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 2-Solution
Ia

Ib

Ic

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 the wattmeter
I Current coil

I V
W
Potential coil Wattmeter V
Load

 A wattmeter is a device that measures the active power of an

element or circuit.
 Consists of many turns of wires called the potential coil that is
connected across (parallel) the terminals of the element and few
turns of heavy wire called the current coil that is inserted (series)
through the circuit of the element or circuit being measured.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 the wattmeter
I

I V
W
Wattmeter V
Load

 The wattmeter takes on these readings (voltage V and current I)

along with their phase difference θvi (θv-θi), to process the
amount of active power consumed.
W  VI cos vi

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
measuring 3-phase power using 3 watt-meters

A ZT
IA W
+
Ia a
- Z
ZT
B
c b
IB W
N
-

Z
-
+

Z
Ic Ib ZT
C
IC W

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
measuring 3-phase power using 3 watt-meters
A
A
IA

IAB ICA
B
IB ZAB ZCA
ZBC
B IBC C
C IC

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
measuring 3-phase power using 3 watt-meters
A
IA

W
ZAB IAB
B
IB ZCA ICA
W

ZBC IBC

W
C IC

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
measuring 3-phase power using 2 watt-meters

A ZT
IA W
+
Ia a
- Z
ZT
B
c b
IB W
N
-

Z
-
+

Z
Ic Ib ZT
C
IC

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
measuring 3-phase power using 2 watt-meters

A ZT
IA W
Ia +
a ∆-
-
B
ZT
connected
c b
N
IB W
3-phase
-

-
+

motor
+

Ic Ib ZT
C
IC

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
measuring 3-phase power using 2 watt-meters
A
IA W

ZAB IAB
B
IB W
ZCA ICA

ZBC IBC
C IC

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 3

The active power consumed by the balanced 3-phase load shown below is to be
measured using two wattmeters.
1. What is the reading of W1 and W2?
2. Using the wattmeter readings, what is the power factor of the 3-phase load?

A
IA W1
+ 230 V
Ia a
- Z
B
c b IB W2
N
N Balance3-phase load,
-

Z
-

Z = 75+j 50 Ω
+

230 V
+

Z
Ic Ib
IC C

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 3

A A
IA W1
+ 230 V
Ia a
- Z
B B
c b IB W2
N
N Balance3-phase load,
-

Z
-

Z = 75+j 50 Ω
+

230 V
+

Z
Ic Ib
IC C
C

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 3
LAGGING POWER FACTOR
VCN

VAN

VBN

Phasor Diagram of Phase Voltages

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 3
VCA LAGGING POWER FACTOR VAB
VCN

30o
VAN

30o

30o

VAC
VBN

Phasor Diagram of Phase and Line Voltages

Also shown is VAC.
VBC
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 3
VCA LAGGING POWER FACTOR VAB
VCN IC

30o
VAN

30o
IA
30o
IB
VAC
VBN

Phasor Diagram of Phase and Line Voltages,

and Line Currents for a lagging power factor
load
VBC
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 3
LAGGING POWER FACTOR VAB
VCA
VCN IC
θ

30o
VAN

30o θ
IA
30o
IB θ
VAC
VBN

where θ = the power factor angle

of the load Phasor Diagram of Phase and Line
Voltages, and Line Currents for a lagging
power factor load
VBC
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 3
VCA LAGGING POWER FACTOR VAB
VCN IC
θ

30o
VAN

30o θ
IA
30o 30o-θ
IB θ
VAC
VBN

W1  | VAC || I A | cos(V AC   I A )
Phasor Diagram of Phase and Line
W1  | V AC || I A | cos[ 30  ( )]
o
Voltages, and Line Currents for a lagging
W1  VL I L cos(  30 o ) power factor load
VBC
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
W1  VL I L cos(30 o   )
 Illustrative Problem 3
VCA LAGGING POWER FACTOR VAB
VCN IC
θ

30o
VAN

30o θ
IA
30o 30o-θ
IB θ
VAC
VBN

30o+θ
Phasor Diagram of Phase and Line
W2  | VBC || I B | cos(VBC   I B )
Voltages, and Line Currents for a lagging
W2  | VBC || I B | cos[ 90o  (120o   )] power factor load
VBC
W2  | VBC || I B | cos(30o   )
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 3
Hence,

W1 VL I L cos(30 o   )

W2 VL I L cos(30 o   )
W1 cos 30 o cos   sin 30 o sin 

W2 cos 30 o cos   sin 30 o sin 
W1 3
cos   12 sin 
 2
W2 2
3
cos   12 sin 

W1 3 cos   sin 

W2 3 cos   sin 
Dividing the numerator and denominator of the right side by cos θ, yields,
W1 3  tan 

W2 3  tan 
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 3
1.20
V L IL
W1 3  tan  1.00 W1
 1.000.87

W2 3  tan  0.80
0.50
0.60 0.50
 W1  W2 
  tan 1  3  0.40
W2
 W1  W2  0.20
0.00
0.00

W1  VL I L cos(30 o   ) -0.20
θ
W2  VL I L cos(30o   ) -0.40 -0.50

-0.60
(LAGGING POWER FACTOR)
 Since θ ranges between 0 to 90o, cos(30o – θ) will always be positive while
cos(30o + θ) is positive when θ < 60o and negative when θ > 60o. Hence, W1 is
always positive.
 W2 is positive when θ < 60o and negative when θ > 60o. It is zero when θ =
60o.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 2
1.20
V L IL
 W  W2  1.00 W1
  tan  3 1
1
 1.000.87

 W1  W2  0.80
0.50
0.60 0.50
W1  VL I L cos(30 o   ) 0.40
W2
W2  VL I L cos(30   )
o 0.20
0.00
0.00
 When θ varies from 0 to 60o -0.20
(that is pf varies from 1.0 to θ
-0.50
0.5), W1 varies from 0.866 VLIL -0.40

(at θ = 0o) increasing to VLIL (at θ -0.60

= 30o) and back to 0.866 VLIL (at

θ = 60o) while W2 varies from (LAGGING POWER FACTOR)
0.866 VLIL (at θ = 0o) decreasing
to 0.5 VLIL (at θ = 30o) down to 0
(at θ = 60o).
 Thus when θ varies between 0
to 60o, W1-W2 is never negative,
thus θ is never negative.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 3
VCA LEADING POWER FACTOR VAB
VCN

IA
θ
IC θ
30o
VAN

30o

30o

VAC
VBN θ
IB

Phasor Diagram of Phase and Line Voltages,

and Line Currents for a leading power factor
load
VBC
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 3
VCA LEADING POWER FACTOR VAB
VCN

IA
θ
IC θ
30o
VAN

30o 30o

30o

VBA VAC
VBN θ
IB

Wattmeters in lines A & B

Phasor Diagram of Phase and Line Voltages,
W1  VL I L cos(30   )
o
and Line Currents for a leading power factor
load
W2  VL I L cos(30 o   ) VBC
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
measuring 3-phase power using 2 watt-meters
VCA LEADING POWER FACTOR VAB
VCN

IA
θ
IC θ
30o
VAN

30o 30o

30o

VBA VAC
VBN θ
IB

Since this is the same formula for the

lagging condition, except that the roles Phasor Diagram of Phase and Line Voltages,
of W1 and W2 are reversed, therefore, and Line Currents for a leading power factor
load
 W2  W1  VBC
  tan 1  3 
 Jr. W1  W2 
C. G. Manalo,
measuring 3-phase power using 2 watt-meters
 W2  W1   W  W2 
  tan 1  3    tan 1  3 1 
 W1  W2   W1  W2 
1.20
V L IL
1.000.87
1.00 W2
0.80
0.50
0.60 0.50

0.40
W1
0.20
0.00
0.00

-0.20
θ
-0.40 -0.50

-0.60

(LEADING POWER FACTOR)

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 seatwork
What are the readings of the wattmeters below? Assume VAB = 230 <0o positive
sequence What is the power factor?

A
IA W1
+ 230 V
Ia a
- Z
B
c b IB
N Balance3-phase load,
-

Z
-

Z = 75+j 50 Ω
+

230 V
+

Z
Ic Ib
IC C W2

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 4
a

N N’

Vb

 For the circuit above, Va =110 <0o, Vb = 110 <-120o, Vc = 110 <120o. V.
If two wattmeters are installed on lines a and b to measure the real power of
the 3-phase load, what would be their readings? Assume line C as the common
line for the wattmeters.
What is the power factor of the load?

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 Illustrative Problem 5
 A 3-phase 3-wire, 400-V,balanced Y-connected load is to be monitored by 2
watt-meters. One wattmeter WA is installed on line A and the other wattmeter
WB is installed on line B, with line C being the common line. If W Areads -24.753
watts and WBreads +344.753 watts, determine;
 The line current.
 The load impedance.
 The power factor of the load and 1.20
indicate if it’s a leading or a lagging load.
V L IL
1.000.87
1.00 WB
0.80
0.50
0.60 0.50

0.40
WA
0.20
0.00
0.00

-0.20
θ
-0.40 -0.50

-0.60
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 assignment
Determine the readings of the wattmeters and calculate the power factor from
the readings. Assume VAB = 230 <0o.

A
IA W1
+ 230 V
Ia a
- Z
B
c N b IB W2 N
Balance3-phase load,
-

Z
-

Z = 75+j 50 Ω
+

230 V
+

Z
Ic Ib ZT = 0.3 + j0.4
IC C W3

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 thank you

C. G. Manalo, Jr.