07 - Neutron Density (Rev Apr06)

A Neutron Porosity Measurement
Neutron Porosity
1
© Schlumberger 1999 1
Neutron Porosity Measurement
Lithology and Porosity

The next major step in the procedure is lithology
identification. Lithology data gives information
on porosity and other parameters.
Lithology of a formation can be:
Simple
Dirty
Complex
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2
Lithology and Porosity Tools

All tools react to lithology - usually in conjunction
with the porosity.
Major lithology tools are:
Neutron - reacts to fluid and matrix.
Density - reacts to matrix and fluid.
Sonic - reacts to a mixture of matrix and fluid,

complicated by seeing only primary porosity.
NGT - identifies shale types and special minerals.
CMR - magnetic resonance reacts to the porosity
3
3
Neutron Tools
The second generation tool was the Sidewall
Neutron Porosity (SNP).
This was an epithermal device mounted on a pad.
The current tool is the Compensated Neutron

Tool (CNT).
The latest tool is the Accelerator Porosity Sonde

(APS), using an electronic source for the neutrons
and measuring in the epithermal region.
4
4
Hydrogen Index
Hydrogen Index is the quantity of hydrogen per
unit volume.
Fresh water is defined as having a Hydrogen

Index of 1.
Hence oil has a Hydrogen Index which is slightly
less than that of water.
The Hydrogen Index of gas is a much smaller

than that of water.
In a formation, it is generally the fluids that

contain hydrogen.
5
5
Ratio to Porosity Transform
The count rates are first corrected for the dead

time of the detectors (when the detector is not
available to receive counts).
The count rates are calibrated with the master

calibration.
A ratio of these is then taken.
The ratio is translated into porosity using a

transform. (This is a combination of theoretical
and experimental work).
The current field output for the thermal neutron

porosity is called TNPH.
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6
Borehole Effects
The logs have to be corrected for the borehole
environment:
Borehole size.
Mud cake.
Borehole salinity.
Mud weight.
Temperature.
Pressure.
Formation salinity.
Stand-off.
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7
Formation Temperature
Correction
The correction is large and depends on the
porosity.
This is a dual effect:
The expansion of the water reduces the quantity

of Hydrogen seen by the tool.
Change in the borehole fluid capture cross-
section.
Enter with porosity at the top.

Go down to hole temperature.
Follow trend lines to 75ÞF.
Read .
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8
Standoff Correction Chart
9
9
Thermal Neutron Parameters

Vertical resolution:
Standard (TNPH) 24"
Enhanced 12"
Depth of investigation 9"-12"
Readings in zero porosity:
Limestone (0%) 0
Sandstone (0%) -2.00
Dolomite (0%) 1.00
Anhydrite -2.00
Salt -3.00
Typical Readings
Shale 30-50
Coal 50+ 10
10
A Neutron Porosity Measurement
Bulk Density Measurement
11
© Schlumberger 1999 11
Gamma Ray Physics -density -1

The Density Tools use a chemical gamma ray
source and two or three gamma ray detectors.
The number of gamma rays returning to the

detector depends on the number of electrons
present, the electron density, e.
The electron density can be related to the bulk
density of the minerals by a simple equation.
e = ( 2Z/A )
Where Z is the number

of electrons per atom
and A is the atomic
weight.
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Density Outputs
The outputs are:

RHOZ/RHOB (b), the corrected bulk density.
DRHO (), the correction that has been
applied to b (LDT tool)
HDRA the correction that has been
applied to b (TLD tool)
RHOZ/RHOB is the main output;
DRHO is a quality control curve (LDT only)

HDRA is a quality control curve (TLD only)
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Borehole Effects
Hole rugosity may affect the measurement.
The source and detectors "see" different

formations/borehole.
The effect is an erratic and incorrect log.
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Density Parameters
Standard 18"
Enhanced 6"
Depth of investigation 6"-9"
Readings in:
Limestone (0pu) 2.71

Sandstone (0pu) 2.65
Dolomite (0pu) 2.85
Anhydrite 2.98
Salt 2.03
Shale 2.2-2.7
Coal 1.5
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Interpretation/Uses
The density tool is extremely useful as it has high
accuracy and exhibits small borehole effects.
Major uses include:

Porosity.
Lithology (in combination with the

neutron tool).
Mechanical properties (in combination

with the sonic tool).
Acoustic properties (in combination with

the sonic tool).
Gas identification (in combination with

the neutron tool).
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Density Porosity
 b   f    ma 1   
 ma  b

 ma   f
There are two inputs into the porosity equation:

the matrix density and the fluid density.
The fluid density is that of the mud filtrate.
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Calculations
Calculate porosity at the indicated points
(Ls matrix)
 GR  2.0 b 3.0
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18 
Scaling/Porosity
The density tool is usually run with the neutron.
To aid quicklook interpretation they are run on
"compatible scales".
This means that the scales are set such that for a
given lithology the curves overlay.
The standard scale is the "limestone compatible" where
the neutron porosity scale is:
To fit this the density log has to have its zero limestone point (2.7
g/cc) on the same position as the neutron porosity zero and the
range of the scale has to fit the neutrons 60 porosity units hence the
scale is:
Changing to a sandstone compatible scale would put the zero

sandstone density, 2.65, over the neutron porosity zero to give:
19
19
Pef Physics
The Photoelectric effect occurs when the incident
gamma ray can be completely absorbed by the
electron.
It is a low energy effect hence the Photoelectric

Absorption index, Pe, is measured using the
lowest energy window of the tool.
Pe is related directly to Z, the number of

electrons per atom, hence fixed for each element.
Pe = ( Z/A )3.6
Its units are barns/electron.

20
20
Pef Parameters
Standard 4"
Readings in:
Limestone 5.08
Sandstone 1.81
Dolomite 3.14
Shale 1.8-6
Anhydrite 5.05
Salt 4.65
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21
Pef Theory
Pe can be easily computed for any lithology by
summing the elemental contributions.
Measurement is virtually porosity and fluid

independent.
Major use is Lithology identification.

Another way of using it is express it in volumetric
terms as:
Ss - 1.8 x 2.65 = 4.77

U = Pee Ls - 5.0 x 2.71 = 13.55
Do - 3.0 x 2.85 = 8.55
This is called the Volumetric photoelectric

absorption index.
This parameter can then be used in a formula for
computing the components of the reservoir.
U = Uf + (1 - ) Uma
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Crossplot Porosity Calculations
SHSS
D  N
 xp 
2
Shale
Clean SS with Gas
1
 xp   D   D   N 
3
(   n) 2
2
n / d 
2
d
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Litho and Gas Effects on N/D


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24
N/D Response on LS Matrix
 Pef 
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25

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07 - Neutron Density (Rev Apr06)

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A Neutron Porosity Measurement

Lithology and Porosity

Lithology of a formation can be:

Lithology and Porosity Tools

Major lithology tools are:

Neutron - reacts to fluid and matrix.

Density - reacts to matrix and fluid.

Sonic - reacts to a mixture of matrix and fluid,

NGT - identifies shale types and special minerals.

CMR - magnetic resonance reacts to the porosity

The current tool is the Compensated Neutron

The latest tool is the Accelerator Porosity Sonde

Fresh water is defined as having a Hydrogen

The Hydrogen Index of gas is a much smaller

In a formation, it is generally the fluids that

Ratio to Porosity Transform

The count rates are first corrected for the dead

The count rates are calibrated with the master

A ratio of these is then taken.

The ratio is translated into porosity using a

The current field output for the thermal neutron

The expansion of the water reduces the quantity

Enter with porosity at the top.

Standoff Correction Chart

Thermal Neutron Parameters

Depth of investigation 9"-12"

Readings in zero porosity:

Bulk Density Measurement

Gamma Ray Physics -density -1

The number of gamma rays returning to the

Where Z is the number

The outputs are:

RHOZ/RHOB is the main output;

DRHO is a quality control curve (LDT only)

Hole rugosity may affect the measurement.

The source and detectors "see" different

The effect is an erratic and incorrect log.

Depth of investigation 6"-9"

Limestone (0pu) 2.71

Major uses include:

Lithology (in combination with the

Mechanical properties (in combination

Acoustic properties (in combination with

Gas identification (in combination with

There are two inputs into the porosity equation:

The fluid density is that of the mud filtrate.

Changing to a sandstone compatible scale would put the zero

It is a low energy effect hence the Photoelectric

Pe is related directly to Z, the number of

Its units are barns/electron.

Measurement is virtually porosity and fluid

Major use is Lithology identification.

Ss - 1.8 x 2.65 = 4.77

This is called the Volumetric photoelectric

Crossplot Porosity Calculations

Clean SS with Gas

Litho and Gas Effects on N/D

N/D Response on LS Matrix

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