Disease of wheat Alternaria blight and

Ear cockle

Submitted to ; Presented by;

Dr. Anjay Singh Bhist Abhishek
 CAUSAL ORGANISM
Alternaria triticina
 SYMPTO
 M
Disease appears when wheat plants are 7-8 weeks old and becomes severe
when the crop is mature.
 Infection is first evident as small, oval, discoloured lesions, irregularly
scattered on the leaves.
 As the lesions enlarge they become dark-brown to grey and irregular in
shape.
 Some are surrounded by a bright-yellow marginal zone.
 The lesions vary in size, reaching a diameter of 1 cm or more.
 As the disease progresses, several lesions coalesce to cover large areas,
resulting in the death of the entire leaf.
 If the spike is infected this early, seeds do not form.
PICTURE OF SYMPTOM
 Etiology -

 Mycelium – Septate, Branched and Dark

 Conidia – Muriform (longitudinal and transverse
septation), dark, formed in chain
 Conidiophore – short, dark colored, simple,
septate
Disease Cycle -
 FAVOURABLE CONDITION
 Temperature – 20-25℃
 High humidity
 MANAGEMENT
 Sanitation
 Summer deep ploughing
 Crop rotation
 Organic manure
 Trichoderma
 Use of clean seeds
 Treatment of seeds
 Disease -wheat ear cockle
causal organism- Anguina tritici
 Symptom -

 Symptoms appear on leaves, stems, floral organs and grains

 twisting and crinkling of leaves
 The affected plants look dwarfed
 Infected heads are shorter, broader, remain green for longer period
Formation of galls on awns, glumes
Seeds are replaced with hard, dark-brown or black cockles (also called
galls) partially or completely.
 The cockles remain filled with nematode larvae
 Etiology -

 The adult males and females are distinguishable morphologically.

 The Male measures 3-5 mm in length
 while the female are 2.0-2.5 mm long but wider than the males.
The nematode develops larvae showing four distinct stages of growth during the
life.
 The first-stage larva develops inside the egg laid by female nematode.
Itundergoes molting inside the egg and a second-stage larva emerges from the
egg.
Disease Cycle
 Favourable Condition -

 Cool and moist climate is especially favorable for the

development of this nematode.
 A film of moisture must be present when the young wheat
plants
 otherwise, the very active larval nematodes cannot travel
from the soil to the growing point of the seedling.
 Management -

 Crop rotation with non-host crops for 1-2 years will eliminate nematodes, present in the field.
 Clean seed should be sown. This may be obtained from a healthy crop or may be clean by one of
the methods given below.
 Sieve Method (Mechanical) Sieves of different mesh sizes are used and galls are separated
from the seed.
 Table Salt Solution: If sieving is not possible, prepare 20% solution of common table salt
(NaCl)
 Put the grains in this solution and discard the floating galls and plant debris.
 Grains should be stirred well so that no gall remains in the grains.
 Same salt solution can be used again.
 The grains are rinsed thoroughly and then spread them in thin layers on floor or canvas.
 Hot water Treatment:
 Presoaking for 2 hours and then putting grains in hot water at 50ºC for at least 2 hours.
 After this grains must immediately be dried by putting them in thin layers.
 If necessary arrangements are not available for controlling temperature, solar energy can be
used to kill nematodes. T

 Resistant Varieties: NP908, S227

 Spray – Nemaphos, Aldicarb in soil
 Or Velum prime (Fluopyrum ) Nematicide by Bayer