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Module 04
Module 04
Module 04
Antennas
FWL 1.07-1
Definition of Terms
FWL 1.07-2
dBi = dbd +2.14 1dBm = 1.26 3 dBm = 2 6 dBm = 4 10 dBm = 10 20 dBm = 100 30 dBm = 1000 40 dBm = 10000
FWL 1.07-3
AP output = 100mW = 20dB cable/antenna = +16dBi = 40 EIRP output = 100*40 = 4000 mW EIRP output = 20 + 16 = 36 dBi
FWL 1.07-4
10 dBi = _______dBd
3dBi = _______dBd -5 dBi = ________dBd -8.14 dBi = _______dBd
Convert the following dBd to dBi: 12 dBd = _______ dBi 3dBd = ________ dBi -4.14 dBd = _______dBi -6.86 dBd = ________ dBi
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-5
AP output = 100mW
EIRP output = _______mW AP output = 20mW EIRP output = _______mW
cable/antenna = +16dBi
EIRP output = _______dBi cable/antenna = +20dBi EIRP output = ________dBi
AP output = 50mW
EIRP output = ________mW Calculate the AP output power: AP output = _______mW
cable/antenna = +13dBi
EIRP output = _________dBi cable/antenna = +16dBi
EIRP output = 4 mW
AP output = _______mW EIRP output = 2W AP output = _______mW
An antenna is a device used to transmit or receive signals. Antennas convert electrical energy into radio frequency (RF) waves when it transmits, or RF waves into electrical energy when it receives. The size and shape of antennas are determined primarily by the frequency of the signal they are designed to receive. A high gain antenna is highly focused, whereas a low gain antenna receives or transmits over a wide angle. An antenna provides the wireless system with three fundamental properties: gain, direction, and polarization.
FWL 1.07-7
FWL 1.07-8
Gain
Si le gain d'une antenne augmente, son angle de couverture diminue L'angle de couverture est mesur en degrs. La largeur du faisceau (beamwidth) se mesure dans les deux sens : Horizontal Vertical
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-9
Dcris l'ouverture angulaire o la plus grande partie de la puissance est rayonne. Point o la puissance baisse de 3dB (moiti de la puissance).
FWL 1.07-11
Azimut et lvation
Les schmas d'azimut et dlvation reprsentent visuellement la propagation de l'antenne. Le schma d'azimut reprsente une vue du dessus : plan Horizontal.
FWL 1.07-12
Polarisation
La polarisation est l'orientation physique de l'lment qui met l'nergie RF. Trois types de polarisation :
Linaire
Circulaire Elliptique
FWL 1.07-13
Polarisation
La majorit des antennes omnidirectionnelles utilisent la polarisation verticale Les antennes Cisco utilisent la polarisation verticale La polarisation croise peut limiter ou liminer l'interfrence entre des liens diffrents.
FWL 1.07-14
Mt
Diple Directionnelle ou semi-directionnelle, l'nergie
Patch ou panel
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-15
Antenne Isotropique
Une antenne
rfrence.
FWL 1.07-16
Le niveau d'nergie
au dessus et en dessous va diminuer.
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Sector antennas
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Sector antenna
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Sector antennas
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Directional Antennas
Lobes are pushed in a certain direction, causing the energy to be condensed in a particular area
FWL 1.07-37
Directional Antenna
Lobes are pushed in a certain direction, causing the energy to be condensed in a particular area. Very little energy is in the back side of a directional antenna.
FWL 1.07-39
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Antenna characteristics
FWL 1.07-42
Path Considerations
FWL 1.07-43
Line of Sight
Certains items peuvent faire obstruction au signal : Topographies du paysage, exemple montagnes Courbe de la Terre Btiments et autres constructions Vgtations
Line of sight!
FWL 1.07-44
Longues Distances
Le positionnement vue (LOS) disparat 9,7 km (6 miles) : courbe de
la Terre.
FWL 1.07-45
Fresnel Zone
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Zone de Fresnel
FWL 1.07-48
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Antenna Alignment
Line of Sight
FWL 1.07-50
Total loss of 1.3 and 3.4 dB, respectively LMR600-style cables 100 and 150 feet Total loss of 4.4 and 6.6 dB, respectively
Cable Type
LMR400 LMR600
FWL 1.07-51
Antenna Issues
High gain omni-directional
Directional antenna
FWL 1.07-53
200 ft./61 m
14.50
FWL 1.07-54
Point-to-Point
Maximum of 36 dBm EIRP Installations 30 dBm maximum transmitter power with 6 dBi in gain attributed to antenna and cable combination
FCC allows exceeding the 36 dBm EIRP in Point-toPoint installations using the 3:1 rule
Reduce Transmit Power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 3 dBi
FWL 1.07-55
Multipath Distortion
Multipath distortion (a form of radio degradation) occurs when radio signals bounce off metal objects in a room, such as metal cabinets or ceiling lights. Multiple signals at receiver cause distortion of the signal. As radio waves bounce, they arrive at the receiver slightly delayed, combining with the original signal, causing distortion. Diversity systems use two antennas in different positions to reduce the degradation.
FWL 1.07-57
Transmit power is rated in dBm or mW. Power coming off an antenna is Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). FCC and ETSI use EIRP for power limits in regulations for 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz WLANs.
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-58
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Common RF Connectors
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Lightning Arrestor
To Antenna
Ground Wire
From RF Device
FWL 1.07-63
Lightning Arrestor
FWL 1.07-64
Mettre un bon
capuchon dtanchit.
FWL 1.07-65
Transmitter dBm
17 dBm 17 dBm 15 dBm 13 dBm 7 dBm 0 dBm
Maximum Gain
3 dBi
EIRP
20 dBm
2.2 dBi
5 dBi
19.2 dBm
20 dBm 20 dBm 20 dBm 20 dBm
FWL 1.07-66
30 mW 20 mW 5 mW 1 mW
7 dBi
13 dBi 20 dBi
Transmitter dBm
30 dBm 20 dBm 13 dBm
Maximum Gain
6 dBi 16 dBi 23 dBi
EIRP
36 dBm 36 dBm 36 dBm
Point-to-multipoint (WLANs) FCC allows increasing the gain of an antenna/cable system if the transmitter power is reduced below 30 dBm in a 1:1 ratio. Reduce transmit power below maximum of 30 dBm by 1 dBm and increase antenna/cable system gain by 1-dBi.
2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. FWL 1.07-67
FCC
Channel Identifier Usage TX Power
ETSI
EIRP EIRP
Frequency [GHz]
Ant. Gain
3 4 4 11
1, 6, 11 36 48 52 64 100 140
5.725 5.825
149 161
6 dBi
36 dBm
n/a