MAY 2024

Summer Internship Presentation

National Institute of Wind Energy

Wake Models
MUBARIZ AHMED M
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Agenda
Introduction
Three Wake Models
Distribution of Wind Velocity
Velocity Recovery
Applications
Conclusion

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Introduction
When the Turbine blades interact with the winds,
they form vortices and creates turbulence. This
causes the wind speed and direction to alter
aperiodically.

As the turbine blades slow down the flow, a region

with slow moving turbulent air is created behind it.

This problem is more prominent in offshore wind

turbine because of the vast open space.
Analyze and Simulate Wake effects – Find a
placement for Maximum Energy Output

3
 Three Wake Models
A dive into Jensen, Gaussian and Frandsen wake model
 2024 Momentum Balance Equation

Normalized Velocity relation

The Jensen Model

Simple, Computationally efficient, but lacks accuracy

Axial Velocity Factor

[ref] Jensen, N. O. (1983)

A note on wind generator interaction

5
Test Case
​ Value

Rotor Diameter 100 m

Divergence Angle 0.07

Free Stream Velocity 8 m/s

No Turbulence effects
Assumption
Wake Expands linearly

2024
 2024 Comparison of Wake Diameter estimation
350
300
250

Wake Dia (m)

200
150
100
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Axial Distance (m)

Results of
Jensen

Radial Variation of Velocity

Jensen Model 4.5

4
3.5
3

Velocity (m/s)
2.5
2
[ref] Jensen, N. O. (1983) 1.5
1
A note on wind generator interaction 0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Radial Distance in (m)

Series1

7
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AXIAL VARIATION OF VELOCITY -
COMPARISON
9
8
7

Velocity (m/s)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Results of Distance from Turbine in diameter of turbine (D)

Jensen Power (Jensen)

Jensen Model We observe that at the beginning of the wake region,

the velocity has decreased from 8 m/s (freestream) to
2.6 m/s.
[ref] Jensen, N. O. (1983) The velocity then increases as the wake expands.
A note on wind generator interaction Almost 90% of velocity is recovered in 2.5D

According to this model, the wind velocity reaches

7.6 m/s in about 4D m and 7.99 m/s in 30D m.

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Momentum Balance Equation -
Diameter

Normalized Velocity relation

The Larsen Model

Modified Jensen, for better accuracy

Axial Velocity Factor

[ref] Larsen, G. C. (2009)

A simple stationary semi-analytical wake model

9
 2024 Comparison of Wake Diameter estimation
350
300
250

Wake Dia (m)

200
150
100
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Axial Distance (m)

Results of
Jensen

Radial Variation of Velocity

Larsen Model 9
8
7

Velocity (m/s)
6
5
4
[ref] Larsen, G. C. (2009) 3
2
A simple stationary semi-analytical wake model 1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Radial Distance in (m)

Gaussian

10
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Velocity Recovery plot
9
8
7
6

Velocity (m/s)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Results of
Distance from Turbine in diameter of turbine (D)

The value of wake diameter at 1D, 2D, 3D are plotted in

Larsen Model
the graph. The values are
DISTANCE (D) Wake Diameter (m)
0D 50
2D 78
4D 106
6D 134
[ref] Larsen, G. C. (2009) 8D 162
10D 190
A simple stationary semi-analytical wake model 12D 218
14D 246
16D 274
18D 302

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 2024 Diameter as a function of Distance

Normalized Velocity relation

The Frandsen Model
Accurate prediction, but expensive, complex

Velocity Decay Coefficient

[ref] The Wind Turbine Wake Mathematical Modelling,
Energy Procedia, Volume 148, 2018

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 2024 Comparison of Wake Diameter estimation
180
160
140

Wake Dia (m)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Axial Distance (m)

Results of
Frandsen

Radial Variation of Velocity

Frandsen Model 9
8
7

Velocity (m/s)
6
5
4
[ref] The Wind Turbine Wake Mathematical Modelling, 3
2
Energy Procedia, Volume 148, 2018 1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Radial Distance in (m)

Gaussian

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Velocity Recovery plot
9
8
7
6

Velocity (m/s)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Results of
Distance from Turbine in diameter of turbine (D)

Frandsen Model The graph is plotted assuming is 0.07 and as 0.075 where
the free stream wind is at velocity m/s.
1. The first graph shows the variation of Wake diameter
with Horizontal Distance
[ref] The Wind Turbine Wake Mathematical Modelling,
2. The second graph shows the variation of Velocity in
Energy Procedia, Volume 148, 2018 the Radial Direction
3. The Third graph shows the velocity deficit and
Recovery distance

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Results
9
Velocity Recovery Graph

8
It is estimated that:
7

1. Around 80% velocity is recovered at 2D

Velocity (m/s)

3
2. More than 90% wind speed is recovered beyond
2
2.5D
1

0
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
Distance from Turbine in D 3. To recover more than 99.99%, it takes about 35D
Jensen Power (Jensen)
Gaussian Fredsen

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Wake Expansion
Comparison of Wake Diameter estimation
350

300
DOWNSTREAM
JENSEN GAUSSIAN FREDSEN JENSEN GAUSSIAN FREDSEN
DISTANCE
250 D m/s RECOVERY %
0D 2.666667 5.6568542 5.656854 33.33 70.71 70.71
Wake Dia (m)

200 2D 5.808459 7.0847087 6.289291 72.61 88.56 78.62

4D 6.813338 7.515879 6.63546 85.17 93.95 82.94
150 6D 7.257444 7.7011294 6.860785 90.72 96.26 85.76
8D 7.491947 7.7973057 7.02068 93.65 97.47 87.76
100 10D 7.630656 7.8535534 7.14053 95.38 98.17 89.26
12D 7.71944 7.8892653 7.233902 96.49 98.62 90.42
14D 7.779673 7.9133452 7.308787 97.25 98.92 91.36
50
16D 7.822402 7.9303464 7.370226 97.78 99.13 92.13
18D 7.853808 7.9427943 7.421568 98.17 99.28 92.77
0 35D 7.954275 7.9822825 7.657882 99.43 99.78 95.72
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Downstream Distance (D)

Jensen Gaussian Frandsen

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Radial Velocity Comparison

Radial Velocity
10

9
We can observe that the values obtained thorough the
8

7
Gaussian model and Frandsen model are relatively
closer than the Jensen model.
Velocity (m/s)

3 The velocity in the wake region is constant

2
throughout the length of the wake as observed by
1
Jensen and Gaussian model. But, the Frandsen model
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 shows a slight deviation in its results.
Radial Distance in (m)

Jensen Gaussian
Frandsen Polynomial (Frandsen)

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Summary of Activities

Jensen wake model is the simplest and most
widely used wake model for.
Frandsen wake model is the most complex
of the three models we discussed. It takes
into account atmospheric stability and wind
shear
Three wake models are compared
mathematically with each other and the
respective plots were plotted to reach the
following conclusions

Larsen Model Comparison

Jensen Model Frandsen Model Result

The Gaussian wake model is a more

Results you obtained from your wake model
complex model than the Jensen model. It
is showed. Graphs & plots of the axial and
assumes a Gaussian distribution of velocity
radial distribution of velocity deficit shown
deficit

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Conclusion
We can observe that the values obtained thorough the
Gaussian model and Frandsen model are relatively closer than
the Jensen model.
The velocity in the wake region is constant throughout the
length of the wake as observed by Jensen and Gaussian model.
But, the Frandsen model shows a slight deviation in its results.
We can observe that the values obtained thorough the
Gaussian model and Frandsen model are relatively closer than
the Jensen model.
The velocity in the wake region is constant throughout the
length of the wake as observed by Jensen and Gaussian model.
But, the Frandsen model shows a slight deviation in its results.

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Thank you
--
Mubariz Ahmed M.
210101026

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