GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG

ADULTS – A CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY

RESEARCHERS
USAMA SIDDIQUI (5-3/2018/008)
MUHAMMAD AHMED (5-3/2018/018)
FAHIMA IRFAN (5-3/2018/039)
ZUNAIRA MALIK (5-3/2018/067)
SIDRA ABDUL MAJEED (5-3/2018/089)
MARIUM (5-3/2018/090)
1
SUPERVISOR
DANISH ZAMAN

A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHYSICAL THERAPY
06/29/2024
Batch-VIII (2022)
 2 INTRODUCTION
 Each year in Pakistan about 35% to 40% of deaths occur due to cardiovascular
disease that is mainly caused by decrease physical activity and unhealthy food
consumption.
 Female population has an increased chance of greater nutritional insecurities as
compared to male population.
 Being active is slightly different between male and female population, because
male are more involved in physical activities in order to perform their recreational
work, while most of the females do activities because they mostly want to reduce
their weight or to maintain it.
 Man with more physical work mostly like to consume more meat, they show
positive relation about the intake of meat but in the other hand feminine trait more
likely used to eat vegetarian diet.
GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
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3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Healthy dietary intake is one of the most neglected parameter among the young adults.
Only few people are knowledgeable about proper balance diet and lifestyle, and even
fewer are up to date on taking their proper meals. However, most of young adults
especially College and University students are unaware of the importance of proper
dietry intake, adequate consumption of water and healthy lifestyle modification.

GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
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 4
LITERATURE REVIEW
Target
S.No. Author, Year of Title of the
Population/ Study Design Outcomes Results
publication Articles
Sample
1 Indrani Kalkan (2019) The impact of 276 students. Cross Sectional The food habits of Participants comprised
nutrition literacy Descriptive female participants of 47.1% males and
on the food habits Study design. were better than males; 52.9%
among young in accordance with females .Functional,
adults in Turkey. their nutrition literacy interactive and critical
status. nutritional literacy
Food habits are scores by females were
influenced by nutrition significantly higher
literacy and therefore than males (P < 0.001).
stress much be given to In the AFHC tool, the
increase mean score acquired by
the nutrition awareness males were 9.26 ± 4.18
among children youth whereas for females it
as well as adults. was 10.37 ± 3.40
significantly higher as
compared to males (P =
0.007)
ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE, AWARENESS, AND PRACTICE OF VISUAL REHABILITATION IN 06/29/2024
HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS OF KARACHI
 5
Author, Year of Title of the Targeted Study
S.no Outcomes Results
publication articles population design

2. Yoonjin Ahn , Gender and age 2,305 adults Retrospectiv Low intake of nutrients
Men consumed more energy and
Youngmi Lee, differences in aged 20 years e Cohort and the low nutrient nutrients than women, the NARs
Haeryun Park, and nutrition intake and older. Study density of showed similar gender differences.
Kyunghee Song and dietary meals were the main The INQs of 4 nutrients (calcium,
(2021). quality of dietary problems among
vitamin A, vitamin C, and riboflavin)
Korean adults the young who eat were lower than men, whereas only
eating alone: alone. Therefore, the calcium INQ was lower than in
based on Korean men, particularly young,
women. Men had a lower DDS than
National need to be prioritized in
women (P < 0.001) and had more
Health . nutritional policies .
'undesirable' food group consumption
patterns than women (P < 0.001).
3. Fahad D. Algahtani Healthy 335 students. Descriptive- 33.8% of university Drinking water did not statistically
(2020). Lifestyle among analytical students followed differ significantly between
Ha'il University study. unhealthy eating gender .The investigation
Students, Saudi patterns and there was demonstrated that the scores with
Arabia. no difference respect to healthy sleep habits for all
concerning
GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS participants
their eating – A CROSS show there were no
06/29/2024
habits.
SECTIONAL SURVEY statistically significant differences (p˃
0.05) .
 6
S.no. Author, Year of Title of the Targeted Study design Outcomes Results
publication articles population
4 Özge Can Niyaz Eating habits in 388 cross-sectional Exercising A total of 388 university students (157
(2020). terms of gender students. study. and healthy females and 231 males), aged 20.5 ±
among Turkish eating activities 1.5 years, study showed that
agricultural should be predominantly the students were of
engineering promoted more normal weight (63.4 %, with 58.9 %
students: a actively around males compared to 70.0 % female
cross-sectional the Young . students) as shown in 24.5 % of
study. Workshops students were pre-obese, with male
across the students (34.2 %) featuring more than
campus female students (10.2 %) in this group.
demonstrating It was more common for students to be
healthy and tasty classed as underweight (8.8 %) than as
meals. obese (3.3 %) . While the percentage
of the females in the underweight class
(17.8 %) was higher than that of the
males (2.6 %), obesity was more
prevalent in male students (4.3 %
compared to 2.0 % in female students).
GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS
SECTIONAL SURVEY 06/29/2024
7 AIMS & OBJECTIVES

♦ To determine the eating habits of young adults.

♦ To determine the lifestyle of young adults.
♦ To compare the eating habits and lifestyle among male and female gender.

GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
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8 RATIONALE

 The reason behind this cross sectional study is to identify the difference in life style
and eating habits among genders performance and that there is no specific data or
tool is available for this research paper in Karachi, Pakistan.

GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
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9 PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE

 This study will benefit the researcher and population to know the eating habits
and lifestyle of younger population that how much junk food they are consuming
and sedentary lifestyle they are living so the result of study will ultimately direct
the health practitioners to conduct awareness session for the population with
regard to their eating habits and lifestyle changing programs.

GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
SECTIONAL SURVEY
10 METHOD
 TARGET POPULATION: Targeted population was 18-25 years old and
young adults from Karachi, Pakistan.
 STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
 STUDY SETTING: Data was collected from Ziauddin University.
 SAMPLE SIZE: Sample size for the study was calculated with the error
margin of 5% and 95% confidence interval, and it was 249.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: Non-probability convenient sampling technique.

GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
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11 METHOD
INCLUSION CRITERIA: Male and Female with the age group of 18-25 who
are resident of Karachi, Pakistan.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Students who used any medications that may impact
eating habits and who had psychological issues.
DATA COLLECTION TOOL: Survey by using self administered questionnaire.
DATA ANALYSIS: IBM-SPSS version 20.0 was used for data analysis.
I. Frequency and Percentage Distribution.
II. Test of Normality.
III. Mean and Standard Deviation.

GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
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12 RESULTS
Table 1: Participant responses on eating habits

Responses
Question Options
n (%)
P-Value
Male Female
2 liter (8 glasses) 64(58.7) 32(22.9)
Water consumption per day 1.5 liter (6 glasses) 29(26.6) 59(42.1) <0.001
1 liter (4 glasses) 16(14.7) 49(35.0)
Regularly 39(35.8) 84(60.0)
Consumption of Three meals per day Sometimes 65(59.6) 38(27.1) 0.007
Not at all 5(4.6) 18(12.9)
Home 49(45.0) 79(56.4)
Consumption of Breakfast during studies Canteen 48(44.0) 17(12.1) 0.879
Never 12(11.0) 44(31.4)
Home 19(17.4) 35(25.0)
Canteen 27(24.8) 13(9.3)
Lunch during period of lesson 0.600
Fast Food
63(57.8) 92(65.7)
Restaurant
Everyday 35(32.1) 34(24.3)

Consumption of lunch during studies More than once in 0.109

68(62.4) 93(66.4)
a month
Not at all 6(5.5) 13(9.3)
Yes, a lot 71(65.1) 108(77.1)
Yes, but not much 35(32.1) 27(19.3)
Consumption of fast food during university hours 0.049
Not at all 3(2.8) 5(3.6)

GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
SECTIONAL SURVEY
13 RESULTS
Table 2: Participant responses on lifestyle patterns

Responses
Question Options n(%)
P value
Male Female

Underweight 13(11.9) 20(14.3)

Weight Analysis Normal weight 69(63.3) 86(61.4) 0.729
overweight 27(24.8) 34(24.3)
Sedentary 36(33.0) 46(32.9)
Active 67(61.5) 74(52.9)
Lifestyle Patterns 0.355
Highly active 6(5.5) 20(14.3)
Yes, a lot 44(40.4) 22(15.7)
Physically strong Yes,but not much 51(46.8) 102(72.9)
0.001
No, not at all 14(12.8.) 16(11.4)
Everyday 37(33.9) 22(15.7)
More than once a
Extracurricular activities in leisure time 64(58.7) 77(55.0) <0.001
month
Never 8(7.3) 41(29.3)
Yes ,a lot 58(53.2) 37(26.4)
Yes, but not much 37(33.9) 77(55.0)

Being physically inactive

No, not at all 14(12.8) 26(18.6)
GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS <0.001
06/29/2024
SECTIONAL SURVEY
14 RESULTS
Table 3: Participant responses on Sleeping habits

Responses
Question Options n (%)
P-Value
Male Female
Yes, a lot. 56(51.4) 84(60.0)
Worrying about everyday problems Yes, but not much. 36(33.0) 47(33.6) 0.073
No, not at all. 17(15.6) 9(6.4)
With your family. 63(57.8) 122(87.1)
Living while study With your relatives 10(9.2) 7(5.0) <0.001
With your friends. 36(33.0) 11(7.9)
With your family. 65(59.6) 72(51.4)
Feel happy and Content With your relatives. 26(23.9) 61(43.6)
0.737
With your friends 18(16.5) 7(5.0)
3 to 5 h. 37(33.9) 53(37.9)
6 to 8 h. 57(52.3) 76(54.3)

Sleeping hours
9 to 10 h. 15(13.8) 11(7.9) 0.271

assessing the level of knowledge, awarness, and practice of visual rehabilitation in health care professionals of karachi 06/29/2024
15 RESULTS

Among 249 students, 43.8% were male 56.2% were female. Statistically there were
a significant difference found between two genders in consumption of water
(p<0.001), and meal consumption on daily basis (p=0.007), Eating habits after
joining university (p=0.44), thinking of physically strong (p=0.001), Physical
inactivity (p<0.001) and their preferred living place in leisure time (p<0.001).

GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
SECTIONAL SURVEY
16
DISCUSSION
 The response to the questionnaire on water
consumption among genders it was found
that the majority of females consume 6
glasses per day and majority of males
consume 8 glasses per day.

 By using a questionnaire it was found that Contrary, Algahtani., 2020 study showed that the average daily drinking water did not
statistically differ significantly between all the studied variables.

there were 63(57.8%) males and

 (AlHazzaa and Albawardi, 2019) also found that there were 68.6% males and 76.9%
92(65.7%) females who followed females who followed unhealthy lunch patterns and consume restaurant fast food during
their university hours.
unhealthy lunch patterns and consume
restaurant fast food during their study
hours.

GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
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 17

♦ In a recent survey of students, it was ♦ It was discovered that missing meals—

found that 12(11.0%) males whereas
44(31.4%) females who neither have their
breakfast at home nor at canteen/cafe.
especially breakfast—is prevalent among
university students (63.1% of them missed
breakfast during university days, Missing
breakfast is common in young adults
especially students.(Ratner et al., 2018).

GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
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18

CONCLUSION
 Young Individual have a high frequency of unhealthy eating habits and
lifestyles, and this is influenced by gender. The health of young adult could be
impacted by this, either negatively or positively. Therefore, our research paper
concludes that there is a need for gender-specific evidence based strategies in
order to encourage healthy eating habits and promote healthy lifestyle in the
young population.

GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
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 REFERENCES
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♦ Ahn, Y., Lee, Y., Park, H. and Song, K., 2021. Gender and age group differences in nutrition intake and dietary quality
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2016. Nutrition Research and Practice, 15(1), pp.66-79.
♦ Algahtani, F.D., 2020. Healthy Lifestyle among Ha'il University Students, Saudi Arabia.Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci,
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♦ Broussard, N.H., 2019. What explains gender differences in food insecurity?. Food Policy, 83, pp.180-194.
♦ Kalkan, I., 2019. The impact of nutrition literacy on the food habits among young adults in Turkey. Nutrition research
and practice, 13(4), pp.352-357
♦ Love, H.J. and Sulikowski, D., 2018. Of meat and men: Sex differences in implicit and explicit attitudes toward meat.
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20

THANK YOU

GENDER BASED EATING HABITS & LIFESTYLE PRACTICE IN YOUNG ADULTS – A CROSS 06/29/2024
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