VALVES

GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE CHECK VALVE

 VALVES

Gate valve Butterfly valve

 VALVES

Safety Valve Control valve

 PLOT PLAN
• PLOT PLAN

• CONTENTS OF PLOT PLAN

The plot plan shall indicate & locate the following major items:

• Process / Utility Plants / Buildings / Electrical Substations

• Non – Plant buildings
• Battery Limits
• Pipe exit & entry points
• Roads & access ways.
• Stairways & Platforms
• Piperacks
• Main access roads,
• Entry points of trucks / Trains / and other product loading / raw material unloading.
• Wind Direction / Plant North / True North
• Effluent drains
• Main power cable entry
• Dimensions shall be kept to a bare minimum. Only overall dimensions, pipe rack
spans, north / east co-ordinates, dimensions for locating various blocks / units,
elevations of buildings / structure / pipe rack etc to be shown.
 PLOT PLAN

• Purpose of the document

This is a part of basic engineering document, which will indicate the overall view of
the plant with surrounding roads marked with co-ordinates. Further engineering
development is done by using this document.

• CODES AND STANDARDS (LATEST/ APPLICABLE)

• Petroleum, Rules (For Hydrocarbon Storage under CCE)
• OISD Norms ( Oil Industry Safety Directorate )
• NFPA (National Fire Protection Association in the United States )
• The static and mobile pressure vessels (unfired) rules – (for Pressure Storage of
gases under Chief Controller of Explosives)
PLOT PLAN
 EQUIPMENT GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
• EQUIPMENT GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

• The general arrangement drawing shall indicate and locate various equipment viz.
Coolers, Heat exchangers, Pumps, Vessels, Columns, Heaters, Compressors,
Reactors, Flare stack, Package system, etc.

• All equipment shall be located in the sequence and at levels as recommended by

process department.

• Dimensions shall be given with respect to centre line/tangent line of the

equipment to the nearest building column or to adjacent equipment.

• Access platform for equipment, ladders, stairways shall be indicted.

• Maintenance spaces and drop out area for equipment shall be clearly indicted

• Further equipment if any shall be indicated in dotted line.

• Purpose of the document

This document will be a guide for erection of equipment and input for other
departments for planning the installation of their components in Equipment
General Arrangement Drawing
EQUIPMENT GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
 PIPING GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWING
• PIPING GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWING
• Piping arrangement drawing shall include equipment fixed with nozzles, platforms,
ladders, stairways, etc suitably located as per engineering practice. Piping routing
shall be drawn legibly in accordance with P & I diagram taking into account the
requirement for stress, supports, accessibility for instruments and valves, manual
movement and other statutory regulations if any.

• List of Inputs required for developing a Piping General Arrangement Drawing

• Plot Plan (Overall & Detailed)
• Piping GAD Key Plan
• Piping Feed Documents/Layouts (if available from Feed or Basic Engineering)
• Piping Header Layouts / Piping Transposition Drawing (if available)
• PIDs
• Line List
• Equipment Drawings (Process Datasheet / Mechanical Datasheet / Vendor Dwg
whichever is avaialble)
• Piping Material Class
• Piping Design Basis/ JSDs / Work Instructions / Client Guidelines if any (issued for
particular project)
• Instrument Level Studies
• General Underground Network Drawing of area proposed for the new unit.

• Purpose of the document

• This document is used for erection of piping and other components.
PIPING GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWING
 ISOMETRICS

• ISOMETRICS

• Piping isometrics is a representation of 3D view of piping layout. It shall

include pipes, pipefitting, valves, instruments, piping specialities, flanges
and other accessories as indicted in P & I diagram.

• Support location & type shall be marked as suggested by stress

department. A statement-indicating bill of materials shall also be drawn on
the same drawing. Generally one isometric drawing is produced for one
line.

• Purpose of the document

• This document is used for pre fabrication of piping and withdrawal of
materials required for fabrication from stores.
ISOMETRICS
ISOMETRICS
ISOMETRICS
 STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS

A hot piping system will expand or elongate.

A cold piping system will contract or shrink. Both these actions create stress
problems. A stress analysis determines the forces at anchor points, supports,
deflections, stresses, in the piping system. This shall be checked against the
allowable limits as per the respective
 STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS

• What is Thermal expansion ?

• The term thermal expansion refers to the increase in size of an object as

that object is heated. With relatively few exceptions, all objects expand
when they are heated and contract when they are cooled.

• Different materials expand or contract at different rates.

• When an object is heated or cooled, it expands or contracts in all

dimensions.

• Only solids have a coefficient of linear expansion. They differ from each
other widely, with the coefficient of linear expansion of aluminium having a
value nearly 50 times as great as that of fused quartz.
 STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS

Most materials expand as they are heated and contract if they are cooled. Thus their length
is a function of temperature. If the length of an object is L and the temperature changes by
a differential amount dT, then the differential change in the length dL is given by:
dL =
 STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS

• The photograph shows railroad tracks distorted because of thermal

expansion on a very hot day.
 STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS
• If the pipe is free to expand then there would be no stress induced in them however
this is not the case as a pipe is normally used to conduct a liquid, gas, or finely
divided solid between two equipments.

• Suppose that we have two vessels, T-1 and T-2, say 50 m. apart and that we have to
run a pipe from T-1 to T-2 between two nozzles at the same elevation. Obviously, the
most economical way of doing this from the purely ’Piping’ aspect would be to join
them with a straight pipe as shown in fig. 1 below.

Now further suppose that everything is in carbon steel and the vessel T-1 has its
temperature raised to 150° C. When the valve ‘A’ is opened, there will be an expansion
between the centres of T-1 and T-2 which can be found as follows
 STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS

• Now further suppose that everything is in carbon steel and the vessel T-1 has its
temperature raised to 150° C. When the valve ‘A’ is opened, there will be an
expansion between the centres of T-1 and T-2 which can be found as follows.
Expansion rate for carbon steel at 150°C= 1.5mm/m. (This value is taken
from ANSI
B31.3 Table 319.3.1A)
Therefore Expansion = 1.5 x 50 = 75 mm.

One of two things can now happen -

As the pipe expands it will dent the sides of the vessels as shown in fig. 2.
 STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS
• (2) As the pipe expands, it will buckle as shown in Fig 3

If the vessels are comparatively thin and the pipe of large diameter so that it can
withstand a high load before buckling, then the first case applies and the vessel walls
will bend inwards to accommodate the 75mm expansion; if, on the other hand, the
vessels are thick and the pipe of small diameter, the alternative condition shown in fig. 3
will occur.
 STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS

Solution
 STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS

• What is Stress?
• Resistance to the force acting across a unit area.
 STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS

• Elastic Limit
• The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its
original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e
developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is
entirely removed.

Elastic and Plastic Ranges

The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic range. The region
from P to R is called the plastic range.
Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or
yielding without any increase in load.

Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety

Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given loading. The
maximum safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress. The
allowable stress should be limited to values not exceeding the proportional limit.
However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the allowable tress
is taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety. The
ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is called the factor
of safety.
 STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS

• SUPPORTS
• Supports as the name suggests are elements / members that serve to support the
pipe.

Basic type of supports.

Rest support Pipe on shoes Guide

Bare pipe resting on Steel (by civil)
 STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS

Stop

Anchor
STRESS ANALYSIS & SUPPORTS

Springs
SUPPORTING OF PUMP Lines
 PIPING MATERIAL SPECIFICATION & M.T.O

– Piping Material Classes

• In a process plant, there are a variety of fluids, with a variety of Pressure ,
temperature conditions, , having different chemical properties , varying corrosion
characteristics, erosion characteristics, conveyed in various pipe sizes , requiring
variety of components. It becomes a enormous task to design each pipe or
component of pipes for the pressure, temperature condition and fluid
characteristics. To minimize this activity , groupings are made to include all fluids
having similar pressure temperatures , similar corrosion characteristic and
requiring the similar base material of construction . each grouping so formed is
called a Piping Material class which contains the description of all piping
components , with material of construction relevant to services and pressure
rating,

• On receipt of the comments of the process department and relevant engineering

departments and client on the issue for comments, they are reissued for the
purpose of the 1st M.T.O.
 PIPING MATERIAL SPECIFICATION & M.T.O

– Material Take off

• The line wise M.T.O sheets are prepared and consolidation of the M.T.O is done
manually / using computer software
• The 1st M.T.O is based on:
• Unit plot plan
• Major piping layouts
• Process P & IDs, line list, utility P & IDs issued for 1st M. T.O.
• M.T.O standards
• Piping classes issued for 1st M.T.O

General Piping, Summary

After running the M.T.O, this document summarizse piping materials according to various
levels of detail (prefix, code, lines, class, etc.) and/or with various combinations, as
required. The summaries are issued as “preliminaries” and provide a tool for checking
design, besides being the basis for evaluating the first issue of the piping budget.
 Material Requisitions and Data sheet

– Material Requisitions and Data sheet

• Based on piping summary, material requisition shall be prepared for the
following items.
• Pipes
• Pipe fittings
• Flanges
• Valves
• Gaskets
• Studs / bolts and nuts
• Strainers
• Steam traps
• Sight glass
• Flame arrestors
• Hoses
• Any other special item

Material requisition are then forwarded to purchasing department for inquiry

Thank You