LIGHTING

Prepared
by
ASAN BANU
Lecturer
Engg Dept
UTASA
 LIGHT
It is electromagnetic radiation of a
wavelength that is visible to the human
eye.

The light, which is emitted and absorbed

in tiny "packets" called photons, exhibits
properties of both waves and particles.

This property is referred to as the wave–

particle duality.
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LIGHT SOURCE wave–particle duality.

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LIGHTINGS

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 The visible spectrum is
the portion of the
electromagnetic
spectrum that is visible
to (can be detected by)
the human eye.

Electromagnetic
radiation in this range
of wavelengths is called
visible light or simply
Last 3 colours
light. EEPW 3142 Electrical Insulation and Wiring
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 The wavelength of the light
is about (380 nm - 750 nm)
with a frequency range of
about (400 THz - 790 THz).

The spectrum does not,

however, contain all the
colors that the human eyes
and brain can distinguish like
pink, purple and magenta,
because they can only be
made by a mix of multiple.

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 Mixing of Colours

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 LIGHT SOURCE
Anything that gives out light is called a
light source. There are different types of
sources of light, such as:

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Luminous Flux (Ф)
It is the quantity of the light emitted
per second in all directions. The unit of
luminous flux is lumen (lm).

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Luminous Intensity (I)
It is the luminous flux (the quantity of visible light) that is
emitted by the light source in a given direction within the unit of
the solid angel(ω). The unit of luminous intensity is candela
(cd).
candela (cd).

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 CANDELA
The candela is defined as the magnitude
of an Electromagnetic Field (light) , in a
specified direction, that has a power of
1.46 x 10 -3 W.

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 Relationship between Light intensity & temperature

The intensity increases and the

appearance become whiter as the
temperature increases.

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illuminance, (E)
The amount of luminous flux (ф) incident
per unit area (A) and it measured in lux
(lx), and determined by
1 luminous flux

Where:
ф - The luminous flux and Area=1m2
A - The area of the given surface
1lx

One lux is the illuminance of 1m² surface area uniformly

lighted by 1 lm of luminous flux.

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 One lux is the illuminance of 1 m² surface
area uniformly lighted by 1 lm of luminous
flux.
The lux value is used to describe the amount of
light in a given environment.

• A living room may have an illuminance level

of 100 lux,

• an office 500 lux

• Direct sunlight greater than 120,000 lux.

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It is the ratio of the
COEFFICIENT OF utilized flux on the
UTILIZATION
working plane to the luminous flux emitted
by the lamp.
c.u. = utilized flux on the working plane

luminous flux emitted by the lamp.

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 CALCULATING ILLUMINATION
Illumination can be calculated as

I = Ll Cu LLF / Al
where ,
I = illumination (lux, lumen/m2)
Ll = lumens per lamp (lumen)

Cu = coefficient of utilization
LLF = light loss factor
Al = area per lamp (m2)
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Problem 1
10 incandescent lamps of 500 W (10600 lumens per lamp)
are used in an area of 50 m2. With Cu = 0.6 and LLF = 0.8 .Find
illumination
SOLUTION:
GIVEN:
No. of lamps= 10
Lumens per lamp = 10600
Area = 50 m2
Cu = 0.6
LLF = 0.8

illumination, I = Ll Cu LLF / Al
I = 10 (10600 lumens) (0.6) (0.8)/ (50 m2)
I = 1017.6 lux
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Homes, Theaters-150 lux
Easy office work-250 lux
Library, Groceries-500 lux
Supermarket, mechanical workshop-750 lux
Detailed mechanical workshop -1000 lux
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Very Detailed mechanical workshop-1500-2000 lux
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 Factors Affecting the Luminance in
Lighting System
1. Maintenance Factor

2. Light Loss Factor

2.1 Lamp Failure

2.2 Ballast Failure

2.3 Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD)

2.4 Luminaire Dust Depreciation

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(LDD)
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 Maintenance factor
It is the ratio of the average
illuminance on the working plane after a
certain period of use to the average
illuminance obtained under the same
1 2
conditions for a new installation.
MF= Illuminanceold
Illuminancenew
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 Maintenance factor
•Proper lighting system maintenance is essential
to high quality, efficient lighting.
•Systematic lighting management methods and
services from lighting specialists can help
organize the process and assure continued high
performance of any lighting system.

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• The light output of a luminaire
decreases with age and use, yet
the energy input remains
unchanged.

• Because the human eye is

extremely adaptive to gradually
changing lighting conditions, most
occupants do not notice the
gradual decline in light levels.

• Eventually, however, the reduction

will affect the appearance of the
space and the productivity and
safety of the occupants.
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In the past, lighting designers have dealt
with this problem by increasing the
number of lamps to compensate for the
future light loss.

While this simplifies maintenance, it is not

an acceptable solution due to the added
initial equipment cost, energy cost, and
energy-related pollution
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 Light loss factors

• Light loss gradually decreases system efficiency over

time. The factors cause light loss:
• lamp failure
• ballast failure
• lamp lumen depreciation
• luminaire dirt depreciation

• The lamp lumen depreciation and luminaire dirt

depreciation factors commonly reduce light output
by 20-60% 26
 LAMP FAILURES

Lamp manufacturers list the “average rated life” for

their products.
The average rated life is the number of operating hours
after which one-half of the lamps can be expected to
have failed.
A few lamps may fail soon after installation, and the
rate of failure will increase as shown in figure below

The factors affect lamp life.

1. average operating time
2. type of ballast circuit
3. improper installation
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 Ballast Failures

The operating temperature of the ballast

primarily determines ballast life.
But operating temperature varies with the
1.Type of ballast,
2.The heat retention characteristics of the
luminaire enclosure, and
3.The fixture mounting method.
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 This variation makes ballast life more difficult to predict
than lamp life.
 Electronic ballasts can be expected to operate longer than
magnetic ballasts because electronic ballasts produce less
heat.
 While there are no reliable long-term test data available,
ballast life is generally described by ballast manufacturers
as shown in the table below.

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ELECTRONIC BALLAST

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 MAGNETIC BALLAST

STARTER

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 Fluorescent tubes/Lamps

 Fluorescent tubes/Lamps are filled with mercury

vapour.
 They use electric charge to exite mercury atoms
inorder to produce ultra violet light.
 A starter is used in the tube light circuit to provide
an initial current to the filaments of tube light.

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How does a fluorescent light bulb work?
Fluorescent lamps work by ionizing mercury vapor in a glass
tube. This causes electrons in the gas to emit photons at UV
frequencies. The UV light is converted into standard visible light
using a phosphor coating on the inside of the tube. It works on the
principle of low-pressure mercury vapor discharge phenomenon

What is the purpose of a ballast in a fluorescent light?

In a fluorescent lighting system, the ballast regulates the current to the lamps and
provides sufficient voltage to start the lamps. Without a ballast to limit its current,
a fluorescent lamp connected directly to a high voltage power source would rapidly
and uncontrollably increase its current draw.
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Fluorescent Lamp Connection Diagram

(Ballast)

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 LAMP LUMEN DEPRECIATION (LLD)

• As a lamp ages (through use), the amount of light it

produces declines. This change is called lamp lumen
depreciation (LLD) and is expressed as a percentage of
initial lamp light output.

• Several factors can cause LLD, such as carbon deposits

inside the bulb wall or deterioration of the phosphor
coating inside the bulb.

• Incandescent and high pressure sodium lamps have

minimal LLD (i.e., they maintain a high percentage of their
initial output throughout their useful life).
• tungsten's unique properties is its very high melting point of 3,422°C
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 LUMINAIRE DIRT DEPRECIATION (LDD)
 Dust, smoke film, oil and dirt accumulate on the
reflective surfaces of fixtures, lenses and lamps.
As a result, less of the light produced by the
lamps is delivered into the room.

 This depreciation can be very minor in closed

fixtures located in clean rooms, but it can be very
severe in open fixtures in dirty environments.

 Estimating the effect of dirt depreciation is

important for determining fixture cleaning
schedules. 36
LAMP WITH FIXTURES or fittings

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Example

As an example, consider a new 80 W fluorescent

lamp with a lumen output of 5700 lm. After 3 or 4
months this output would have fallen and settled at
around 5200 lm. Hence the light output has
decreased by

MF= Iold/Inew= 5200/5700 = 0.9

This value, 0.9, is the maintenance factor should not

fall below 0.8. This is ensured by regular cleaning of
the lamps
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 How to Calculate Lighting Needs

Calculating the illumination for a room or an entire home is

based upon a standard rating. This is typically performed by an
electrician when they wire a home or a room addition.

The purpose for this base calculation is to provide enough

electrical power to each room and in the main circuit panel for
the home's occupants' lighting needs. Once the home or room is
finished, some factors should be taken like:
1. The area of the room.
2. The color of the room
3. The placement of the lighting fixtures.
4. The amount of light may be a personal
preference
5. The increase of lighting requirements may.
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 CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF BULBS AND LUMINARIES

1. Determine the required illuminance of the activity area

2. Determine the area of the given activity room

3. Find the efficiency or efficacy of the type of light that you will use

4. Estimate the wattage of the bulb that you will use

5. Calculate the luminous flux (Ф) that each bulb gives

6. Assume or Estimate the value of c.u and m.f

7. Calculate the total luminous flux that the activity area will need

8. Compute the number of bulbs

9. Calculate the number of Luminaries or fixtures

10. Calculate the total power of the lighting for the room

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 Problem
1. A detailed drawing work area at bench level
is to be illuminated to a value of 1500 lx, using
20 W single CFL having an efficacy of 70 lm/W.
The length & breadth of the work area are 15 m
x 10 m, the MF is 0.87 and the CU is 0.45.
Calculate the number of fittings required and
total power rating of the lighting system. 43
GIVEN:
Illuminance , E = 1500lx
Power, P = 20W
Efficacy , η = 70lm/W
Length, l = 15m
Breadth, b =10m
Maintenance Factor, MF=0.87
Coefficient of Utilization, CU = 0.45

To Find:
1)Number of fitting required
2)Total Power rating of the lighting system.

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1. Area= Length X Breadth

2. Luminous flux / bulb =Efficacy x Power

3. Total Luminous flux, nφ= (E*A) / (c.u. * m.f.)

4. Number of lambs required, n=Total Luminous Flux

Luminous flux lamp

5. No. of fixtures required= n / capacity

6. Total power required, P= No. of bulbs * Wattage of bulb

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1. Determine the area of the given activity room
Area= Length X Breadth

Area=15 X 10

Area=150 m2
2. Calculate the luminous flux that each bulb gives

Luminous flux / bulb =Efficacy x Power

Luminous flux / bulb =20 x 70

Luminous flux= 1400 lumens/ bulb

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3. Calculate the total luminous flux that the activity area will need

Total Luminous flux, nφ= (E*A) / (c.u. * m.f.)

nφ= (1500 * 150)/ (0.45 * 0.87)

nφ=5,74,713 lumens
4. Compute the number of bulbs by dividing the total flux
Number of lambs required, n=Total Luminous Flux/ Luminous flux
lamp

n= 574713 / 1400

n=411

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5. Calculate the number of luminaires or fixture by dividing
No. of fixtures required= n / capacity

No. of fixtures required= 411/ 4

No. of fixtures required= 103

6. Calculate the total power of the lighting for the room

Total power required, P= No. of bulbs * Wattage of bulb

P= 412 * 20

P=8220 W

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2. A super market is to be illuminated to a value of 750 lx,

using 15 W single CFL having an efficacy of 60 lm/W.

The work area is 13 m x 8 m, the MF is 0.70 and the CU is

0.38. Calculate the number of fittings required and total

power rating of the lighting system.

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Given: E: 750
Length(L)*Width(W) 104
Given: Efficacy 60
Given: Wattage 15
Efficacy * Power 900
0.38
Given : C.U & M.F
0.7
nФ=(E*A)/C.U * M.F) 293233.08
n= Total Flux/ Flux per bulb 326
No. of fixtures=n/Capacity 82
No. of bulbs*watts/bulb 4890 W

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PREPARED BY: ASAN BANU