AN ORAL PRESENTATION

ON

STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHEME
{SIWES}

OBSERVED AT:

OSUN STATE SPECIALIST HOSPITAL

ASUBIARO, OSOGBO, OSUN STATE
 PRESENTED

BY

ADEBAYO PELUMI WURAOLA

MATRIC NO: 1808008003

THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

FACULTY OF SCIENCE
EKITI STATE UNIVERSITY, ADO EKITI.
 PRINCIPAL
MECHANISM OF X-RAY
GENERATION AND
MAINTENANCE
 X-RAY
• X-ray are invisible with high penetrating electromagnetic radiation of much shorter
wavelength than visible light. X-ray are so energetic that they pass straight through many
materials, which is why they are used in hospitals to image bones to check for break and
fractures. They are absorbed better by materials why are dense, and so when used in hospital,
they are stopped more by the bones and any metal then the fleshy parts of the body. The x-
ray cause the film to be expose, and so if they are blocked, the film remains dark, hence
producing a shadow of the denser parts of the body.
There are two principal mechanism by which x-ray are generated namely;

•Bremsstrahlung X-ray

•Characteristic X-ray
BREMSSTRAHLING X-RAY: This mechanism of x-ray generation involves rapid
declaration of high speed electrons as it enters the electrical field of a nucleus, during
the process the electrons is deflected and emits a photon of x-ray or X-radiation.
CHARATERISTIC X-RAY; This mechanism occur through the transition of
electrons between atomic orbit such that the electrons move from outer to vacancies
within the inner orbits there by emitting photons of x-radiation with discrete energies
given by the differences in energy states of the beginning and ending of the transition.
 X-RAY MACHINE
X-ray machine is describe as the heart of x-ray. It is what the staff of x-ray department
depend on before any useful work can be done. The major component of an x-ray machine
are; Control panel, tube edge, panel support, X-ray generator, an image detection system
e.t.c. It is used to detect bone fractures, certain tumors and other abnormal masses.
 MODE OF OPERATION
The machine emits a heavy and concentrated beam of electrons called X-ray photons. The
photons travel through air, make contact with the body and its tissues, and produce an image on
a metal film. The beam’s high-energy rays cannot be absorbed by soft tissues like the skin and
organs. Therefore, the beam passes through them. But, the solid bones of the body absorb the
photons. Like a camera film, the X-ray machine’s film only develops images of the places
which were exposed to the rays. In a film, the black areas represent the places where the
photons passed through soft tissues. The white areas represent the denser tissues, i.e. the bones
which can absorb the photons. The areas of the bones which are fractured will be displayed in
black as there is no tissue or organ to stop the X-rays from passing through.

The photo which is created is called a radiograph. Sometimes doctors put a type of dye into
the body to generate clearer and more detailed images for the purpose of examination. An
X-ray procedure is painless. However, frequent exposure to such rays may lead to cancer in
the future because the radiation from X-ray machines contain enough energy to damage the
human DNA. However, the risk for this is very low.
 SAFETY PRECAUTION IN THE RADIOLOGY
DEPARTMENT
Irrespective of which units is involved in the department, several rules/ guidelines are obeyed to
ensure wellbeing of the staffs and patients in the radiology department. Such includes;
Keep work place clean and tidy
All the instruments must be clean kept in there appropriate place after used
Always ensure good conditioning of machines
Avoid shortage of powers
Avoid shortage of water and leakage by regular checking of pipes.
Stone away hand tools after used
All flammable liquid and materials should be correctly stored
Overcrowding should be avoided.
Always wear an lead apron or garment before operating the machines.
X-ray request form must be duely signed by the doctor before taken by X-ray technician.
The Darkroom door must not be open while processing the film to avoid film damage.
•White light must be off before processing film.
 CONCLUSION
Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is an interesting part of the
study which helps students to go for industrial attachment and equip them with the
necessary skills needed for industrial adaptation. Thus, it enhances one's behavior,
knowledge, and exposure. An experience they say is the best teacher, my vast
experience about the organization, the study also thought me the practical aspect
of what I have learnt in the classroom.
THANKS FOR
YOUR
ATTENTION