Grade 7

Unit 1
Respiration

Prepared by : Tr. Ranjan Rai

 Why we need Oxygen?
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 Respiration is the series of chemical reactions that happens inside
every living cell.

 In human, kind of respiration that usually takes place inside our

cells is called Aerobic respiration.

 Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produce carbon dioxide

as a waste product.

 When you breathe oxygen goes into your lungs.

 The blood delivers the oxygen to every cell in your body so

that cell in your body can use it for respiration.
 The structure of the human respiratory system
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 The structure through which air passes during respiration
typically includes the following components:
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1. Nasal Cavity: Air enters the respiratory system through the nostrils or the nasal cavity.

2. Trachea (Windpipe): The trachea is a tube-like structure.

It has strong rings of cartilage to keep it open and prevent collapse.

The trachea conducts air into the lungs.

3. Bronchi: The trachea divides into two branches called bronchi, which enter each lung.

The bronchi further divide into smaller branches called bronchioles.

4. Bronchioles: Bronchioles are smaller airways within the lungs that branch out from the
bronchi.

They eventually lead to clusters of tiny air sacs called alveoli.

https://youtu.be/X2YVt16Kxak?si=8BooXnbecbYPAXxZ
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6 What is Gas Exchange?

Gas exchange is the process by which oxygen and

carbon dioxide are exchanged between lungs and
blood.
 Gas Exchange
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Gas exchange occurs at alveoli in the lungs.
Alveoli are tiny air sacs surrounded by blood capillaries.

Air sac surrounded by blood capillaries.

 The structure of an air sac
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The air sac has a wall made of one layer of cells.

These cells are very thin.

 Gas exchange in air sac
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Inside the air sacs, oxygen from the air goes into the blood.

Carbon dioxide from the blood goes into the air.

This is called gas exchange.

https://youtu.be/WzrN6sJ1i_g?si=OJMlZLpB12J-IdEV
 Gas exchange in air sac
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 Oxygen can easily move through the thin wall of air sac
Into the blood.

 This process is called diffusion.

 Oxygen gets dissolved in blood and combines with

haemoglobin.

 Now there is lot of carbon dioxide in the capillary so it

diffuses into the air sac.
 Breathing
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Breathing is the process by which organisms take in

oxygen from the air (inhalation) and expel carbon dioxide
(exhalation), as a waste product.
 Process of Inhalation (breathing in)
12  The external intercostal muscles, which are located between your ribs,
contract.

 This action further expands the chest cavity by lifting and expanding the rib
cage.

 Diaphragm, a large dome-shaped muscle located at the bottom of your chest

cavity, contracts.

 When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens out, which increases the space in
your chest cavity.

 The combined action of the contracting diaphragm and external intercostal

muscles causes the chest cavity to increase in volume.

 This increase in volume lowers the air pressure inside your lungs, creating a
pressure gradient between the air outside and the air inside your lungs.
 Process of Inhalation
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 Process of Exhalation (breathing out)
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 During exhalation, the diaphragm muscle, relaxes and moves
back up into its dome-shaped position.

 Additionally, the external intercostal muscles, located between

the ribs, also relax.

 This causes decrease in volume which in turn causes the

pressure inside the lungs to increase slightly.

 Because the pressure inside the lungs is now higher than the
pressure outside, carbon dioxide is pushed out of the lungs.
 Process of Exhalation
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https://youtu.be/mh8owPHMUrg?si=iBtBFv7iCMdw5kMS
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1.4 Respiration
 Why do we need energy?
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Energy is necessary for physical activity and movement.

Energy is also important for regulating body temperature.

The brain is one of the most energy-demanding organs in the

body. Energy is needed to support cognitive functions such as
thinking, learning, memory, and decision-making.

Cells constantly undergo processes of repair, maintenance, and

renewal.
 How is energy produced in our body?
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 When we eat food containing carbohydrate our digestive

system breaks the carbohydrate down to kind of sugar called
glucose.

 The glucose goes into our blood.

 The blood delivers glucose to every cell in the body.

 The cells use the glucose to get the energy that they need.
 Releasing energy from glucose
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Glucose is an energy store.

Energy is locked up inside the glucose.

So, energy must get released from the glucose.

Mitochondria release energy from glucose so that cells can use the
energy.

Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water

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1.5 Blood
 Delivering the requirements for respiration in cells
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 Energy is produced inside the mitochondria by the process
of respiration.

 Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

 Blood helps to supply glucose and oxygen to cells

And remove carbon dioxide and water produced during respiration.

 Blood moves around the body and pumping of the

heart keeps the blood moving.
 What is blood?
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Blood is a red coloured liquid.

Blood viewed through a microscope

 Blood
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Blood consists of two components:

Plasma: Liquid part of blood. It is mostly water.

The red blood cells and white blood cells are transported
around the body in the blood plasma.

Plasma also consists of dissolved glucose which is

delivered to every cell.

The carbon dioxide produced during respiration gets

dissolved in Plasma and is carried away from the cells to
lungs where it is exhaled.
 Red blood cells
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 Red blood cells do not have a nucleus and they do not have
mitochondria.
 They consists of a red pigment called haemoglobin.

 It is haemoglobin that makes blood look red.

 Role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen
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 From the alveoli in the lungs, oxygen from the air diffuses into the
blood.

 Once it is in the blood, the oxygen then diffuses into the red
blood cells.

 Inside the red blood cell, the oxygen combines with haemoglobin
And form bright red compound called oxy-haemoglobin.

 As the blood travels through the body, oxy-haemoglobin give its

Oxygen to the cell.
 How is O2 and CO2 transported around the body?
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 White blood cells
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White blood cells are easy to distinguish from red blood cells.

They always have a nucleus, which red blood cells do not have.

some bacteria and viruses can cause illness when they get into
the body.

These bacteria and viruses are called pathogens.

White blood cells help White blood cells help to defend us

against pathogens.
 White blood cells
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Some kinds of white blood cell can change their shape and push
their cytoplasm out to make 'fingers' that can capture a pathogen.

The white blood cell then produces chemicals that kill and digest
the pathogen.

Other types of white blood cell produce chemicals that kill

pathogens.
These chemicals are called antibodies.

https://youtu.be/LNonmDAyy18?si=DnfWoCJv43c--QA_
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30

2.The larger the body mass, the

larger the total surface area of the
air sacs
 3. The larger an animal is, the more oxygen it will
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need, because it will contain more cells that are all
respiring and using up oxygen. Having a larger surface
area of air sacs enables more oxygen to diffuse into the
body at the same time, which helps to supply the
demands of the respiring cells.

A similar argument could be put forward relating to the

need to get rid of carbon dioxide produced by the
respiring cells.
32 Use the measuring cylinder to measure a known
volume of water – say 50 cm3. Pour
the water into the bottle and mark its level as
representing 50 cm3.

Repeat with another known volume – say

another 50 cm3 – and mark its level as 100 cm3.
Keep doing this until they reach the top.
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34

3.(2100 + 1965 + 2005) ÷ 3 = 2023 cm3

4. (1865 + 1950) ÷ 2 = 1908 cm3
5. (1905 + 1910 + 1885) ÷ 3 = 1900 cm3
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36
Yes. Boys who play wind instruments displace an
average of 2023 cm3, which is greater than the
one girl who plays a wind instrument with a
displacement of 1950 cm3. Boys who play
stringed instruments have an average of 1908
cm3 while for girl string players this is 1900 cm3.
37 2.Yes. Boys who play wind instruments have an
average of 2023 cm3, which is greater than for
boys who play stringed instruments with a value
of 1908 cm3. Similarly, the girl who plays a
wind instrument displaces 1950 cm3, compared
with the girl string players with an average of
1900 cm3.
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Collecting more results from more people in
the orchestra; making three measurements for
each person.
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1.Look for the idea that there will be a lot
of variation in the lung volumes of
individual people of the same age.

Measuring many samples and calculating

a mean takes account of this variation.
40 1. 3.9 dm3

2. 5.0 dm3 (men) – 3.8 dm3 (women) = 1.2 dm3

3. The average volume of air pushed out with one

breath of women increases steadily over time until
it peaks at the age-group 30–39. Then it steadily
decreases.
4. An answer of 3.3 dm3 to 3.5 dm3 would be
acceptable.
41 A measuring cylinder, to measure out the yeast and
sugar solutions.

Make sure that her eyes are level with the meniscus
in the thermometer to read the temperature.

The temperature will increase, because respiration

releases energy. Some of this energy is given off as
heat.
 4.She needs to have another cup where there is no respiration. For example,
she could have a cup containing just yeast and water with no sugar, or a
42 cup with just sugar solution and no yeast. She can then compare the
temperature in the two cups.

5. Use at least three different cups, each with a different concentration of

sugar solution. The sugar could be measured by mass, or Sofia could put
different numbers of spoonsful of sugar into each cup.
5.Add the same volume of water to each cup, and the same volume of the
yeast and water mixture. The initial temperature should be the same for
each one.

Sofia could take the temperature of the liquid in each cup at set time intervals
(for example every two minutes). She could plot a graph showing
temperature against time, with different lines for each cup.