Path Loss Models and

Free Space
Path loss is a key factor in wireless communications, describing the reduction in
signal strength as it travels through space. The free space path loss model provides a
fundamental understanding of how signals behave in an unobstructed environment.
Free Space Path Loss Model

The free space path loss model uses a simple equation to calculate the expected
signal attenuation, based on the distance between the transmitter and receiver, as well
as the frequency of the signal. This equation forms the basis for understanding signal
propagation in ideal conditions.
Long Shadowing Method
Model Integration
Obstacle Identification
The long shadowing method is often combined with
The long shadowing method analyzes the impact of the free space model to provide a more accurate
large obstructions, such as buildings or hills, on the representation of real-world propagation conditions.
signal path.

1 2 3

Attenuation Calculation
It then calculates the additional path loss caused by
these obstacles using a supplementary equation.
Long Shadowing Equations
Lls = Ld + Lf Where Lls is the total long shadowing path loss, Ld is
the diffraction loss, and Lf is the free space loss.

Ld = 20 log(d/d0) + Xσ The diffraction loss equation, where d is the distance,

d0 is the reference distance, and Xσ is a random
variable representing shadowing effects.
Limitations of Long Shadowing
1 Assumption of
Uniform Obstacles
The method assumes
obstacles are uniformly
distributed, which may not
always be the case in real-
world environments.
2 Complexity of 3 Inability to Model
Calculations Multipath Effects
Applying the long
shadowing method can be The long shadowing method
computationally intensive, does not account for signal
especially in dense urban reflections and multipath
areas with many obstacles. propagation, which can
significantly impact path
loss.
Factors Affecting Path Loss
Frequency
Higher frequencies tend to
experience greater path loss due to
absorption and scattering by the
environment.
Distance
Path loss increases exponentially
as the distance between the
transmitter and receiver grows,
following the inverse square law.
Obstacles
Physical structures, such as
buildings, trees, and terrain, can
significantly impact path loss
through absorption, reflection, and
diffraction.
Applications of Path Loss Models

Cellular Networks Satellite Wireless LANs IoT Applications

Communications
Path loss models are Satellite link budgets rely
crucial for planning and on accurate path loss
optimizing cellular calculations to ensure
network coverage, successful data transfer
determining cell sizes, between ground stations
and allocating resources. and satellites.
Path loss models help
design and deploy Wi-Fi Path loss analysis is
networks, ensuring essential for reliable
seamless connectivity communication in IoT
and minimizing networks, where devices
interference. may be spread over large
areas.
Key Takeaways
Free Space Model
Provides a fundamental
understanding of signal
propagation in unobstructed
environments.
Long Shadowing Method
Accounts for the impact of large
obstacles on path loss, but has
limitations in complex
environments.
Practical Applications
Path loss models are essential for
the design and optimization of
various wireless communication
systems.