GRAVITATION

GRAVITATION
GRAVITATION

ACCELERATION DUE TO
GRAVITY OF THE EARTH(g)
GRAVITATION

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY OF THE EARTH

 Earth is a sphere of approximately of uniform mass density.

 A sphere composed of number of spherical shells.

 For a point outside the shells behaves as if the mass is

concentrated at the centre. So, to calculate the force between the
earth and the point mass can be calculated by using Newton’s
universal law of gravitation.
GRAVITATION

 For a point inside the earth we have to follow the

following procedure
P m
r
d RE
O
Mr

 Consider a point mass m kept at P inside the earth at a distance ‘r’

from centre of the earth.
GRAVITATION
 From centre of the earth to the point P, the earth is
assumed to be consisting of number of shells.

 The shells with radius ≤ r make up a sphere of radius r for which

the point P lies on the sphere.

 Let Mr is mass of this sphere

 Thus the force on mass m at P

F= (1)
GRAVITATION

 Mr = Mass per unit volume of earth × volume of sphere of radius r

 Mr = ×

 Mr = M E . (2)

substituting the value of (2) in (1), we get,

 Fr =

 Fr = r
GRAVITATION

 The acceleration experienced by m can be calculated from

Gravitational
Newton’s second law intensity inside
the earth
 F= mg = r Accelera
tion due
gravity o to
n surfac
of the ea e
 g= r g= r r th

 If mass is situated on the

surface of the earth r = RE g=

 Cavendish calculated ‘G’ value by using the above formula.

GRAVITATION

ACCELERATION DUE TO
GRAVITY BELOW AND ABOVE
THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH
GRAVITATION
Acceleration due to gravity
Object As, F = ma
F If an object of mass
Consider (m)
the is
earth
(m) a = 𝑮𝑴𝒎
left in the gravitational field
m
r F =
of the 𝒓 𝟐 due
earth . to gravity.
This is called an acceleration
Force (F)
It is represented as, ‘g’.
As F = mg
(M) F
g =
m
Gravitational field GMm
g =
mr2
g =attraction
There is a force of
GRAVITATION
Acceleration due to Gravity on surface of the earth (Value)

Object 6.67 × 10–11 × 6 × 1024

(m) g =
(64 × 105)2
R Force
g = 9.8 m/sec2 –11
G = 6.67
GM × 10 5 Nm2/kg2
g R= = 642× 10 m
Earth M =R 6 × 1024 kg
(M)
Gravitational
field
This is the value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the
earth.
 GRAVITATION
Acceleration due to gravity at a height from the surface of the earth
Object
(m) AsIf gh There
the
Consider,
The an is
object
= isgravitational
Gm
inside
acceleration
object
gravitational of mthe
1due
mass
force2 is (m)
force F =
acting towards the
h a gravitational
at same
toheight(h)
gravity
as the field
atabove rthe
a height.
weight 2 earth’s
acting
r Then, centre
the of the= earth
surface
weight
downwards mgh
R Force
Weight = Gravitational Force
Earth
(M) mgh = GMm
Gravitational (R+h)2
field
GM
gh =
(R+h)2
GRAVITATION
Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth

Gm1m2
Object Weight = Gravitational
Consider, an Force
F=
object
As the object is r2
(m) GMm
of mass (m), on the
mg = The gravitational
There
inside is
the
Force surface
R
force
2 of the
is same
gravitational
gravitational earth.
asfield.
force
R
If g the weight
= acceleration
acting
GM acting
towards due
the to
g gravity
= centre
downwards
Earth Ron
2 ofthethe
surface
earth of
(M) the earth.
Gravitational Then, the weight = mg
field
GRAVITATION

Expression of ‘g’ at a small height(h) in terms of ‘g’ on the surface

Using Binomial Expansion and neglecting h < < R
R order
the higher of h
gh = g 2 << 1 we h get..
–2
\ h is very small
=
R g 1 +
R+h R R
1 2h
= g h 2
= g 1– + …
R+h 2 R R
R
From the above equation it can
gh 2h
1 = g be
1– concluded that value of g
= g R with increase of
h 2
decreases
1+ height by a factor
R
GRAVITATION
Expression for ‘g’ at a height (h) in terms of ‘g’ on the surface

GM
gh =
(R + h)2
On the earth’s surface
g R2 GM
gh = g = 2
(R + h)2 R
GM = gR2
R 2
gh =g
R+h

This is the expression for ‘gh’ at a height (h) in terms of ‘g’ on the
surface.
GRAVITATION

Effect of depth on acceleration due to gravity

GM 4 GM¢ A
g = g¢
M == R3  2
R2 3 (R – d) B d M
4 4 R
G  R3  G  (R – d)3  R–d
3 3
g = g = O
R2 (R – d)2
4 M¢
g = GR  …(i) g = 4
3 G (R – d)  …(ii)
3
4
M = (R – d)3 
3
GRAVITATION

4 4
g = GR  …(i) G (R – d) 
3 g 3 R–d
= =
g 4 R
4 GR
g = G (R – d) …(ii) 3
3

d
g = g 1–
R

The value of acceleration due to gravity decreases with depth.

 GRAVITATION
1. Acceleration due to gravity at the depth (d)
from the surface of the earth is,

a) g¢ = g 1 –
d
b) g¢ = g
d
–1
MCQS
Ready with the answer’s !!!
R R
d
c) g¢ = g d) g¢ = g (d – R)
R
 GRAVITATION
2. As we go below the surface of the earth, the
value of acceleration due to gravity…

a) decreases

b) remains same

c) increases

d) none of the above

GRAVITATION

EFFECT OF ROTATION OF
EARTH ON ACCELERATION
DUE TO GRAVITY
GRAVITATION
Variation of ‘g’ with latitude due to rotational motion of the earth

mr2cosLet,
TheThe
Let=A component
forces acting
angle
component,
mg' represent along
madeon2bythe
mr the are
2body
radius
the cos
apparent
Resolving
radius
Weight (W) m
would
= mg r towards
be, mr2cos
centre
r P  vector,
i) will
with
weight try
of the
to
the minimize
horizontal
body
 line(equator)
the actual weight mg. 2
2 ii) Centrifugal force = m r
mg mr
 [due to rotation of earth]
mg’

Consider a body at the point ‘P’ on the earth

GRAVITATION
mr2cos
r P  g' is the value of the effective acceleration
 mr2 due to gravityr =
atRthe point P.
cos
mg
 R
mg’

mg' = mg – mr2cos
g' = g – r2cos
g' = g – (R cos ) 2 cos 
g' = g – R2 cos2.
GRAVITATION
Variation of ‘g’ with latitude due to rotational motion of the earth
At Poles P gp is the value of the effective acceleration
due to gravity at the poles.
 = 90
 = 90 ; cos = 0

gp = g – R 2 cos2 .
GM
gp = g =
R2
GRAVITATION
Variation of ‘g’ with latitude due to rotational motion of the earth
At the equator
ge is the value of the effective acceleration
due to gravity at the equator.
 = 0 P

 = 0 ; cos = 1

ge = g – R2 cos2 .

ge = g – R2
GRAVITATION

 Latitude is defined as the angle made by the line joining the given
point on the earth to the centre on the earth, with the equatorial
line.

 The value of ‘g’ at the poles is independent of the rotation of the

earth.
 Due to rotation of the earth, ‘g’ is maximum at the poles and
minimum at the equator.
 GRAVITATION

1) As one moves from the north pole of the earth to the

MCQS
south pole, the value of g along the path…
a) decreases and becomes minimum
b) increases and becomes maximum

c) first decreases and then increases to

its initial value
d) first increases and then decreases
GRAVITATION

2) If the speed of the rotation of the earth decreases, the

value of ‘g’ …

a) increases at the equator

b) decreases at the equator

c) increases at the poles
d) decreases at the poles
GRAVITATION

GRAVITATIONAL INTENSITY
AND POTENTIAL
GRAVITATION
Gravitational intensity
The gravitational intensity at any point in a gravitational field is defined
as the force acting on a unit mass placedis at
Suppose that
we point.
It
The also ‘mkeep
masscalled theastrength
point mass
0’ experiences a
Mm0 ‘mthe
of 0 ’ in the gravitational
gravitational field. field.
F = G 2 gravitational force.
r m0
r
F GM
E = =
m0 r2

GM
E=
r2
M
GRAVITATION
Gravitational potential
The gravitational potential of a body at any point in a gravitational
field is defined as the work done to bring a unit mass from infinity to
that point without acceleration.
V=-

m0 r

infinity
M
 GRAVITATION
Gravitational Potential Energy (P.E)
Gravitational potential
Gravitational P. E.= mass  gravitational potential V = – GM
r
= mV
GM
= m –
r
GMm
P.E. = –
r
GRAVITATION
Gravitational potential energy (P.E)

GMm Gravitational potential energy

P.E. = –
r atGravitational potential
a height ‘h’ above energy of
the surface
onearth
the the surface of the earth

GMm GMm
P.E. = – P.E. = –
(R + h) R
GRAVITATION

Gravitational potential energy

The work done to displace a body from infinity to a point in the
gravitational field against the gravitational field direction is called
gravitational potential energy. It is denoted by U.
Equation for gravitational potential energy
dx

O P B A
r

x
 GRAVITATION

Consider a body of mass ‘m’ placed at a distance ‘x’

from the earth of mass ‘M’ & radius ‘R’.

 Gravitational force of attraction

 dw is the amount of work done to move

the body from A to B at the distance dx
against the gravitational force.

 dw = F.dx  dw = .dx
GRAVITATION

The total work done in bringing the body from infinity to the point
‘p’ is given by,
r
W=

r But x-2 dx = -
W =  GMmx-2 dx


r
W = -GMm

GRAVITATION

W = -GMm
 =0

W=-

\ Gravitational potential energy

U=-

Here, r = R + h U = -
GRAVITATION
 Work done to lift the body from the height h1 to h2 is

W1 = - ………….(1)

W2 = - ………….(2)

W = W2 – W1

W = GMm
GRAVITATION
Kinetic energy of a satellite revolving around the earth

Ö
Critical velocity, Vc = GM
1 r
K.E. = m V c2 Vc
2
1 GM r
\ K.E. = m
2 r

GMm
K.E.=
2r
GRAVITATION
Kinetic energy of a satellite revolving around the earth
GMm
K.E.=
2r
At a height Close to the earth
Vc Vc
h
R
R

GMm
GMm K.E.=
K.E.= 2(R)
2(R + h)
GRAVITATION

MCQS
1) The amount of work done in bringing the two bodies from
infinity to a given distance is stored in the form of…

a) gravitational kinetic energy

b) gravitational potential energy

c) total energy

d) all the above

GRAVITATION

2) Gravitational potential energy is given by the equation as…..

a) -

b) -

c) -

d)
GRAVITATION
3. The K.E. of a satellite revolving at a height ’h’ above the surface
of the earth is…..
GMm
a) K.E. =
(R +h)
- GMm
b) K.E. =
2(R +h)
+GMm
c) K.E. =
2(R +h)
GM
d) K.E. =
2(R +h)
 GRAVITATION

4. The P.E. of an object above the surface of the earth

at a height equal to radius of the earth ‘R’ is ….
a) mgR mgR
c) +
2 h = R
mgR gmR
b) – d)
2 3 R
Earth
h = R
–GMm
P.E. = GM
2R g =
R + h = 2R R2
mgR 2
mgR GM = gR2
P.E.= - =-
2R 2
GRAVITATION

Thank you…