MATHS

HOLIDAY HOMEWORK
The development of irrational from their origin.

CONTENTS-
Irrational Numbers.
History of Irrational Numbers.
Discovery of Irrational Numbers.
THE END
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 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS (1)
 An irrational number is a real number that cannot be expressed as a ratio of
integers; for example, √2 is an irrational number. We cannot express any irrational
number in the form of a ratio, such as p/q, where p and q are integers, q≠0. Again, the
decimal expansion of an irrational number is neither terminating nor recurring.

• EXAMPLES
 The common examples of irrational numbers are pi(π=3⋅14159265…), √2, √3, √5,
Euler’s number (e = 2⋅718281…..), 2.010010001….,etc.

 The most common irrational numbers are:

Pi (π) = 22/7 = 3.14159265358979…
Euler’s Number, e = 2.71828182845904…
Golden ratio, φ = 1.61803398874989….
Root, √ = √2, √3, √5, √7, √8, any number under root which cannot be simplified
further. WHAT IS IRRATIONAL NUMBER?
 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS (2)
 PROPERTIES OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS=
 The addition of an irrational number and a rational number gives an irrational number.
 Multiplication of any irrational number with any nonzero rational number results in an
irrational number.
 The set of irrational numbers is not closed under the multiplication process, unlike the set of
rational numbers.

 Prime number always gives an irrational number.

 IRRATIONAL SYMBOL :-
• The symbol used to represent the irrational symbol is “P”. Since irrational numbers are
defined negatively, the set of real numbers (R) that are not the rational number (Q) is
called an irrational number. The symbol P is often used because of the association with the
real and rational number. (i.e.,) because of the alphabetic sequence P, Q, R. But mostly, it
is represented using the set difference of the real minus rational, in a way R- Q or R\Q.
 HISTORY OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS (1)

HISTORY OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS =

1. In mathematics, an irrational number is any real number that cannot be expressed as
a ratio a/b, where a and b are integers, with b non-zero, and therefore not a rational
number.
2. Informally, this means that an irrational number cannot be represented as a simple
fraction. Irrational numbers are those real numbers that cannot be represented as
terminating or repeating decimals.
3. As a consequence of Cantor’s proof that the real numbers are countable (and the
rational numbers are countable) it follows that all real numbers are irrational numbers.
4. When the ratio of the lengths of two line segments is irrational, the line segments are
also described as being incommensurable, meaning they share no measure in
common.
5. Perhaps the best-known irrational numbers are: the ratio of a circle’s circumference
to its diameter PIE , Euler’s numbers, the golden ratio, and the square root of 2.
HISTORY OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS –
• REPRESENTING ROOT 2
 HISTORY OF IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS (2)

The first proof of the existence of irrational numbers

is usually attributed to a Pythagorean (possibly
Hippasus of Metapontum),who probably discovered
them while identifying sides on the pentagram.
 DISCOVERY OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS(1)

Hippasus is sometimes credited with the

discovery of the existence of irrational,
following which he has drowned at sea.
Pythagoreans preached that all numbers
could be expressed as the ratio of integers
and discovery of irrational numbers is said to
have shocked them.
DISCOVERY OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS-
HIPPASUS METAPOTINUS PYTHAGORICUS.
DISCOVERY OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
(2)

A student of Pythagoras named Hippasus discovered the irrational

numbers once he was performing a operation on a triangle and he
found that a side as root 2 and he tried hard to represent this
number in to fraction but not able to succeed , then he given a
theory in which he told that you couldn’t write the square of 2 so it is a
irrational number.

Pythagoras believes that all existing numbers are real numbers so

he refused to accept the theory of his student Hippasus , but also
he cant disapprove the theory of Hippasus.
BUT , LATERLY THE THEORY OF HIPPASUS WAS
ACCEPTED AND NOW A DAY WE USE IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS VERY FREQUENTLY.
 THE END
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