Gout

Presented by: Fatima Yushra I. Elias

 What is Gout?
Gout is a common and complex
form of arthritis that can affect anyone.
It's characterized by sudden, severe
attacks of pain, swelling, redness and
tenderness in one or more joints, most
often in the big toe.
 Pathophysiology
• Hyperuricemia
• Urate Crystal Deposition
• Inflammation
 Risk Factor
Gout occurs when urate crystals
accumulate in your joint, causing the
inflammation and intense pain of a gout
attack. Urate crystals can form when you
have high levels of uric acid in your
blood. Your body produces uric acid
when it breaks down purines —
substances that are found naturally in
your body.
 Causes
• Diet
• Weight
• Medical conditions
• Certain medications
• Family history of gout
• Age and sex
• Recent surgery or trauma
 Diagnosis
• Joint fluid test
• Blood test
• X-ray imaging
• Ultrasound
• Dual-energy computerized tomography
(DECT)
 Signs And Symptoms
• Intense joint pain
• Lingering discomfort
• Inflammation and redness
• Limited range of motion
 Pharmacologic Treatment
Medications to treat gout attacks

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

• Colchicine
• Corticosteroids
 Medications that Medications that
improve uric acid block uric acid
removal production
 Non-Pharmacologic Treatment
• Choose healthier beverages
• Avoid foods high in purines
• Exercise regularly and lose weight
Hyperthyroidism
Presented by: Fatima Yushra I. Elias
 What is Hyperthyroidism?
Hyperthyroidism is a common
thyroid disorder with multiple underlying
etiologies. This disease is characterized by
excess thyroid hormone production.
Hyperthyroidism can be overt or
subclinical.
 Pathophysiology
• Graves Disease
• Toxic Multinodular Goiter
• Toxic Adenoma
• Iodine-Induced Hyperthyroidism
(Jod-Basedow Phenomenon)
• Amiodarone-Induced
Thyrotoxicosis
• Thyroiditis
 Risk Factor
• Graves' disease
• Overactive thyroid nodules
• Thyroiditis
 Causes
• Genetics
• A personal history of certain
chronic illnesses
• A recent pregnancy
 Diagnosis
• Medical history and physical exam
• Blood test
• Radioiodine scan and uptake test
• Thyroid ultrasound
 Signs And Symptoms
• Losing weight without trying. • Changes in bowel patterns, especially more-
frequent bowel movements.
• Fast heartbeat, a condition called tachycardia.
• Enlarged thyroid gland, sometimes called a goiter,
• Irregular heartbeat, also called arrhythmia.
which may appear as a swelling at the base of the
• Pounding of the heart, sometimes called heart neck.
palpitations. • Tiredness.
• Increased hunger.
• Muscle weakness.
• Nervousness, anxiety and irritability.
• Sleep problems.
• Tremor
• Warm, moist skin.
• Sweating.
• Thinning skin.
• Changes in menstrual cycles.
• Fine, brittle hair.
• Increased sensitivity to heat.
 Pharmacologic Treatment
• Anti-thyroid medications
• Beta-blockers
• Radioactive iodine therapy
• Surgery
 Non-Pharmacologic Treatment
• Dietary changes
• Stress management
• Exercise
• Support groups