ELECTRONICS 1

ELECTRONIC
DEVICES AND
CIRCUITS

ENGR. RENE M. INSON

 Bipolar Junction Transistor

 amplify voltage, current, and power

 the transistor can be used as an electronic switch.
HISTORY

 1904 to1947- the vacuum tube was the electronic device of interest and development.
 1904- the vacuum-tube diode was introduced by J. A. Fleming.
 1906-Lee De Forest added a third element, called the control grid , to the vacuum
diode, resulting in the first amplifier, the triode .
 1907- radio and television provided great stimulation to the tube industry.
 Production rose from about 1 million tubes in 1922 to about 100 million in 1937.
 In the early 1930s the four element tetrode and the five element pentode gained
prominence in the electron-tube industry.
 December 23, 1947, however, the electronics industry was to experience the advent of
a completely new direction of interest and development. It was on the afternoon of this
day that Dr. S. William Shockley, Walter H. Brattain, and John Bardeen demonstrated
the amplifying action of the first transistor at the Bell Telephone Laboratories.
Transistor Construction
 Three regions of BJT

1. The Base Region

2. The Emitter region
3. The Collector region
 Majority Carriers

 In npn transistors, the majority current carriers are free

electrons in the emitter and collector, whereas the
majority current carriers are holes in the base.
 The opposite is true in a pnp transistor where the
majority current carriers are holes in the emitter and
collector, and the majority current carriers are free
electrons in the base,
Depletion Layer
Schematic Symbols
Transistor Biasing
Transistor Current
 Example

1. A transistor has the following currents: and . Calculate .

2. A transistor has the following currents: , . Calculate .
3. A transistor has the following currents: , . Calculate
 Common-Base Configuration

The base is common to both input (emitter–base) and output (collector–

base) of the transistor.
 Input Characteristics

This curve shows the

relationship between of
input current (IE) to
input voltage (VBE) for
three output voltage
(VCB) levels.
 Output Characteristics

This graph
demonstrates
the output
current (IC) to
an output
voltage (VCB)
for various
levels of input
current (IE).
 Operating Regions

 Active – Operating range of the amplifier.

 Cutoff – The amplifier is basically off. There is voltage,
but little current.
 Saturation – The amplifier is full on. There is current,
but little voltage.
 DC Alpha

The circuit shown in Fig. 6 is called a common-base (CB)

connection because the base lead is common to both the
input and output sides of the circuit. A characteristic that
describes how closely the emitter and collector currents are
in a common base circuit is called the dc alpha,
designated . This is expressed in .In most cases, the dc
alpha is 0.99 or greater. The thinner and more lightly doped
the base, the closer alpha is to one, or unity.
 Example.

1. a. Using the characteristics of Fig. 7, determine the resulting

collector current if and .
b. Using the characteristics of Fig.7, determine the resulting
collector current if remains at 3 mA but V CB is reduced to 2 V.
c. Using the characteristics of Figs. 7 and 8 , determine if and .
d. Repeat part (c) using the characteristics of Figs. 3.8 and 3.9.
2. A transistor has the following currents: , . Calculate
 Operation in the cutoff, saturation, and linear
regions of the BJT characteristic are provided as
follows:
1. Linear-region operation:
Base–emitter junction forward-biased
Base–collector junction reverse-biased
2. Cutoff-region operation:
Base–emitter junction reverse-biased
Base–collector junction reverse-biased
3. Saturation-region operation:
Base–emitter junction forward-biased
Base–collector junction forward-biased
4. Breakdown Region
When the collector-base voltage is too large, the collector-base diode breaks down,
causing a large, undesired collector current to flow. This area of operation should always
be avoided in transistor circuits