Axial bones

skull
bones of trunk
 Bones of Trunk
Vertebrae (24 )
Sacrum (1)
Coccyx (1)
Ribs (24)
Sternum (1)

Vertebral column
Thorax
Pelvis
 Vertebrae

Child (33) Adult (26)

Cervical 7 Cervical 7
Thoracic 12
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Lumbar 5
Sacral vertebrae 5
Sacrum 1
Coccygeal vertebrae 4
Coccyx 1
 General Features of Vertebra

• Body & Arch

– Vertebral foramen

– vertebral canal

• Vertebral Body
– Cylindrical

– Intervertebral discs

– Spongy & compact bone

– Support the weight

 General Features of Vertebra

• Vertebral Arch
– 2 pedicles ( 椎弓根 )

– 2 lamina ( 椎弓板 )

– Intervertebral foramen

• Processes
– spinous

– transverse

– articular (superior & inferior)

 Cervical Vertebrae (7)
• Transverse Foramen

• Body is small

• Vertebral Foramen is Triangular & large

• Superior Articular Facets face

superoposteriorly (near horizontal)
• Inferior Articular Facets face
inferoanteriorly (near horizontal)
• Spinous process fairly short, bifid (except
C1 & C7)
 Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Atypical Cervical Vertebrae

• C1 – Atlas
No body
No Spinous Process
Anterior arch
Fovea dentis( 齿状凹 )
Posterior arch
Groove for vertebral a.
Lateral mass
Superior articular facets are
elongated, kidney-shaped
Inferior articular facets are
circular
 Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Atypical Cervical Vertebrae

• C2 – Axis
Odontoid Process = Dens( 齿突 )
Articulates with fovea dentis of the
atlas

• C7 – Vertebral prominens
Nonbifid spine
Spine is long
 Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
• Body is Heart-shaped

• Vertebral Foramen is Circular

• Costal Fovea ( connection of body and

pedicle )
• Transverse Costal Fovea

• Spinous Processes long, point inferiorly

• Superior Articular Facets face

Dorsally/Posteriorly (near coronary)
• Inferior Articular Facets face
Ventrally/Anteriorly (near coronary)
 Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
• Body is large & Kidney-shaped

• Vertebral Foramen is Triangular & large

• Spinous process is short, strong,

rectangular, projects horizontally
dorsally
• Superior Articular Facets face Medially
(near sagittal)
• Inferior Articular Facets face Laterally
(near sagittal)
 Sacrum
• 5 fused Sacral Vertebrae
• Triangular
• Articulates with
the 5th Lumbar vertebra
Coccyx
Ilia of coxal bones
• Functions in weight transfer
• Promontory ( 岬 )
• Anterior sacral foramina ( 骶前孔 )
 Sacrum

• Median sacral crest

• Posterior sacral foramina
• Sacral canal (lead to vertebral
canal)
• Hiatus of sacral canal ( 骶管裂
孔)
• Auricular surface ( 耳状面 )
 Coccyx

• Articulations
#1 articulates with 5th
Sacral Vertebra
• Some muscle & ligament
attachment
 Flat bone, Midline
Sternum Three parts:
•Manubrium

•Body (Gladiolus)

•Xiphoid process
 Sternum
• Manubrium
Jugular (sternal) notch
Clavicular notch (facets)
Articulates with 1st & 2nd ribs
Sternal Angle – 2nd rib
2ndcostal cartilage
intercostal space
• Body (Gladiolus)
Articulates with 2nd-7th ribs
• Xiphoid process
Partial attachment of some muscles
Sternum
Jugular Notch
Clavicular Notch
Manubrium
Sternal Angle
Body
Costal Notches
Xiphoid process
 Ribs
Two parts: Costal bone & costal cartilage

• True ribs (1st to 7th)

– attach to sternum
with costal cartilage

• False ribs (8th-12th)

Costal arch (8th-10th)
11th-12th floating
ribs are floating
and not attached
to sternum
 Ribs
• Typical Ribs(2th-10th)
Costal Head
Costal Neck
Costal Tubercle
Angle of Rib
Costal Groove
 Ribs
•Atypical Ribs (1st, 11th, 12th)
• 1st -short, flat (S-I), curved, wide, anterior scalene tubercle, sulcus for
Subclavian vessels

• 11th, 12th don’t articulate with transverse processes

Appendicular Skeleton

The bones of upper limbs

The bones of lower limbs

 Appendicular Skeleton

The upper limbs and the lower limbs have

different functions in man, so they are different in

shape and size.

 Appendicular Skeleton

Because of the erect standing in human being, the

upper limbs are released from weigh bearing, and

become the organs of labour, they adapted for

grasping and manipulating ， and have considerable

mobility, the bones of upper limbs are lighter and

smaller than those of lower limbs in shape and in

size.
 Appendicular Skeleton

The lower limbs are specialized for locomotion,

bearing body weight, and maintaining equilibrium,

so they are heavier and stronger than those of

upper limbs.
 Appendicular Skeleton
Each limb has a girdle and three segments
the shoulder girdle
the upper arm
The upper limbs
the forearm
the hand

the pelvic girdle

the thigh
The lower limbs
the leg
the foot
The Appendicular Skeleton
The Bones of Upper Limb
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
The Bones of Upper Limbs

Shoulder (Pectoral ) girdle

- Clavicle 1×2
- Scapula 1×2

Upper arm (brachium)

- Humerus 1×2
Bone of free upper limb Forearm (antebrachium)
- Radius 1×2
- Ulna 1×2
Hand
- Carpals 8×2
- Metacarpals 5×2
- Phalanges 14×2 (2+3×4)
The Shoulder Girdle - clavicle
• S-shaped clavicle or shoulder bone lies horizontally in the superior and
anterior part of the thorax superior to the first rib.
• It is long bone with one shaft and two ends. Medial two thirds, convex
forward; lateral one third, concave forward.
• The medial end of the clavicle, the sternal extremity, is rounded and
articulates with the manubrium sterni to form sternoclavicular joint.
(Sternal articular facet)
• The broad, flat, lateral end, the acromial extremity articulates with the
acromion of the scapula.(acromioclavicular joint). (acromial articular
facet)
The Shoulder Girdle - clavicle
• The conoid tubercle on the inferior surface of the lateral end of the
bone is a point of attachment for the conoid ligament.
• The costal tuberosity on the inferior surface of the medial end is a
point of attachment for the costoclavicular ligament.
• The only direct connection ( sternoclavicular joint ). The clavicle
transmits mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk.
The Shoulder Girdle - scapula
• Each scapula is a large, triangular, flat bone situated in the superior part
of the posterior thorax between the levels of the second and seventh
ribs.
• It has two surfaces, three borders and three angles.
• The anterior surface (costal surface) of the body of each scapula forms a
broad concavity (subscapular fossa).
The Shoulder Girdle - scapula
• A sharp ridge, the spine of scapula, runs diagonally across the posterior
surface.
• Above and below the spine are two fossae-supraspinous fossa and infraspinous
fossa. ( attachment sites for the tendons of shoulder muscles-supraspinatus
and infraspinatus)
• The lateral end of the spine projects as a flattened, expanded process called the
acromion.
• The acromion articulates with the clavicle to form the acromio-clavicular joint.
• Inferior to the acromion is a shallow depression called the glenoid cavity.
The Shoulder Girdle - scapula
• The three sides of that triangle are superior border, medial or
vertebral border and lateral or axillary border.
• The thin edge of the bone near the vertebral column is the medial
border. The thick edge closer to the arm is lateral border.
• Scapular notch-indentation along the superior border for
suprascapular nerve.
• At the lateral end of the superior border of the scapula is a projection
of the anterior surface called the coracoid process.
The Shoulder Girdle - scapula
• The corners of scapula are the superior angle, the inferior angle and
the lateral angle.
• At the lateral angle forms a broad prosess – glenoid cavity.
• Above and below the glenoid cavity, there are two prosesses,
supraglenoid tubercle and infraglenoid tubercle
 Free Upper
Limb
• Identify the bones of the free
upper limb and their principal markings.
• The upper limb ( extremities ) consist
of 60 bones.
• Each upper limb includes
- the humerus of the arm
- the ulna and radius of forearm
- the carpals of carpus (wrist)
- the metacarpals of metacarpus
(palm)
- the phalanges (the digits) of the
hand
The Bones of Upper Arm - humerus

• Longest and largest bone of the upper limb.

• One body and two ends.

• Articulates proximally with the scapula and distally at the elbow with
both the ulna and radius.
The Bones of Upper Arm - humerus

• The upper end has a large rounded head of

humerus and two eminences - greater tubercle
and lesser tubercle .
• Distal to the head is the anatomical neck site of
epiphyseal line.
• The greater tubercle is a lateral projection distal
to the anatomical neck.
• The lesser tubercle projects anteriorly.
• Between the two tubercles, a longitudinal groove
– intertubercular sulcus ( tendon of long head of
biceps brachii).
• Crest of greater tubercle and crest of lesser
tubercle.
• Between metaphysis and shaft – surgical neck.
 The Bones of Upper Arm - humerus

• The surgical neck-a constriction where the

head tapers to the shaft; fractures often
occur here.
• The body (shaft) -roughly cylindrical at its
proximal end and gradually becomes
triangular until it is flattened and broad at its
distal end.
• Laterally, at the middle portion-deltoid
tuberosity-point of attachment for tendons
of deltoid muscle.
• Posterior surface, there is an oblique groove
– sulcus of radial nerve – transmit the
radial nerve and deep brachial artery
The Bones of Upper Arm - humerus
• Two articular surfaces at the distal end.
• Capitulum - a lateral, rounded knob that articulates with the head of the radius
• Trochlea - articulates with trochlear notch of ulna.
• Radial fossa - depression that receives the head of radius when the
forearm is flexed
• Coronoid fossa-depression anteriorly
that receives the coronoid process
of ulna when the forearm is flexed
• O’lecranon fossa -receives the
olecranon of ulna posteriorly when
the forearm is extended.

Radial fossa Coronoid fossa

Capitulum Trochlea
The Bones of Upper Arm - humerus

• The medial epicondyle and lateral

epicondyle are rough projections on
either side of the distal end to which
the tendons of most muscles of the
forearm are attached.
• The ulnar nerve lies on the inferior
surface of the medial epicondyle.
The Bones of Forearm - radius
• Located on the lateral aspect of the
forearm.
• Proximal end has a head of radius with a
concave – articular fovea, that articulates
with the capitulum of humerus and also
with articular circumference for
articulating with the radial notch of ulna.
• Head of radius, inferior to the head is the
constricted neck.
• Roughened area inferior to the neck-
radial tuberosity-attachment for biceps
brachii.
• The shaft widens to form styloid process.
interosseous border
interosseous membrane
The Bones of Forearm - radius

• The elbow joint is where the

ulna and radius articulate with
the humerus.
• The ulna and radius articulate
in two places.
• Proximal radioulnar joint-
radius with the ulna’s radial
notch.
• Distal radioulnar joint-head
of the ulna articulates with the
ulnar notch of radius.
Radiocarpal joint-scaphoid,
lunate and triquetrum.
The Bones of Forearm - ulna

• The ulna is located on the medial

aspect of the forearm and is longer
than the radius.
• Connected to the radius by -
interosseous membrane
• proximal end of ulna-olecranon
process. This forms the prominence
of the elbow.
• coronoid process, an anterior
projection.
The Bones of Forearm - ulna

• Trochlear notch-a large curved area

between the olecranon and
coronoid process - part of the
elbow joint.
• Inferior to the coronoid process -
ulnar tuberosity
• Shaft of ulna, interosseous border
• Distal end consists of a head of
ulna that is separated from the wrist
by fibrocartilage disc.
• A styloid process is on the posterior
side.
The Bones of Hand - carpals
• Carpus (wrist) is the proximal region of the hand and consists of eight small
bones, the carpals, joined to one another by ligaments.
• Carpals are short bone. Articulations between carpal bones are called intercarpal
joints. Arranged in two rows:
– Proximal row -scaphoid, lunate, tri’quetrum and pisiform/'paɪsɪfɔːm/
– Distal row-trapezium/trə'piːziəm/, trapezoid/'træpəzɔɪd/, capitate and
hamate
The Bones of Hand - Metacarpal bones
• Metacarpus (palm) is the intermediate region of the hand and consists
of five bones called-metacarpals. I-V
• Each metacarpal bone consists of a proximal base, an intermediate
shaft and distal head.
• Base-carpometacarpal joints
• head-metacarpophalangeal joints(knuckles)
The Bones of Hand - phalanges
• There are 14 finger bones or phalanges.
• The thumb or pollex has two phalanges -proximal and distal.
• All others have three-proximal, medial and distal.
• Each phalanx consists of a body , a base and a head.
• Tuberosity of phalanx/ 'fælæŋks/
The bones of lower limb
 Lower Limb

Each limb has a girdle and three segments

the pelvic girdle

the thigh
The lower limbs the leg
the foot
 The Bones of lower limb
Pelvic girdle —— bony pelvic (with sacrum & coccyx)
Bones of free portion of lower limb

Hip bone
Pelvic girdle bones – hip bone
The pelvis consists of the sacrum, coccyx,
and 2 hip bones.
1. Supports the trunk of the body on the lower
limbs
2. Point of the lower limbs attach to the body
3. Supports and protects the lower abdominal
and pelvic organs

Each hip bone is made up of three bones:

ilium, ischium, and pubis, those are fused
in the region of the acetabulum, the cuplike
depression that articulates with the head of
the femur.
Pelvic girdle - ilium
Body of ilium —— acetabulum
(superior 2/5)
Ala of ilium —— Arcuate line
Superior margin of Ala of ilium:
Iliac crest (Anterior and posterior
superior iliac spine; Anterior and posterior
inferior iliac spine; Tubercle of iliac crest)

Internal surface of Ala of ilium:

Iliac fossa, Auricular surface and
iliac tuberosity
External surface of Ala of ilium:
gluteal surface
 Pelvic girdle - ischium

Body of ischium (ischial body)

iliac spine
acetabulum (posteroinferior 2/5)
ischial spine
ischial tuberosity
greater and lesser sciatic notch

Ramus of ischium
join the inferior ramus of pubis
form the obturator foramen
 Pelvic girdle - pubis
Body of pubis
acetabulum (anteroinferior 1/5)
iliopubic eminence
Superior ramus of pubis
pubic symphysis
pecten pubis
pubic tubercle
pubic crest
Inferior ramus of pubis
pubis arch
 Pelvic girdle

Acetabulum

lunate surface

acetabular notch

acetabular fossa
Lower Extremity

• Each free lower limb: 30 bones

– femur (1) and patella (1) within the thigh

– tibia (1) and fibula (1) within the leg

– tarsal bones (7) in the foot

– metatarsals (5) within the forefoot

– phalanges (14) in the toes

 Femur
– longest and strongest bone in body
– A body and two ends
– Femoral head articulates with acetabulum
(attached by ligament of head of femur), fovea
of femoral head
– Neck of femur is common fracture site
– greater & lesser trochanter, intertrochanter
line & crest
– Shaft of femur, convex (a) and concave (p)
linea aspera (lateral lip—gluteal tuberosity,
medial lip—pectineal line; medial & lateral
supracondylar line)
– medial & lateral condyles articulate with tibia,
epicondyles, adductor tubercle – adductor
magnus
– patellar surface anteriorly between condyles
– intercondylar fossa
 Patella
– triangular sesamoid

– two surface, three borders and an apex

– increases leverage of quadriceps femoris tendon

– Patellar ligament
Tibia
– medial & larger bone of leg
– weight-bearing bone
– Prismatic in form
– lateral & medial condyles
– Superior articular surface
– Intercondylar eminence
– tibial tuberosity for patellar lig.
– proximal tibiofibular joint
– 3 borders and surfaces
– medial malleolus at ankle,
inferior articular surface and
articular facet of medial
malleolus, articulate with talus
– Fibular notch
Fibula

– Lateral and smaller, not

part of knee joint
– muscle attachment only
– Fibular head, tibiofibular
joint
– Neck of fibular
– Interosseous border
– lateral malleolus at
ankle
Bones of foot

Tarsus(7)

Metatarsal bones(5)

Phalanges of toes(14)
 Tarsus
• Proximal region of foot (contains 7 tarsal bones)
• Talus = ankle bone (articulates with tibia & fibula)
• Calcaneus - heel bone
• Navicular, 3 cuneiforms and Cuboid
 Tarsus
• Talus: trochlea of talus, articulate with calcaneus, navicular, tibia & fibula
• Calcaneus: tuberosity, sustentaculum tali
• Navicular: tuberosity
• Cuneiforms: medial, intermedial, lateral
• Cuboid: sulcus for tendon of peroneus longus
Metatarsus and Phalanges
• Metatarsus

– midregion of the foot

– 5 metatarsals (#1 is most medial)

– each with base, shaft and head

– Tuberosity of fifth matetarsal bone

• Phalanges

– distal portion of the foot

– similar in number and arrangement

to the hand
– big toe is hallux
See you next time
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Skull
• The skull (cranium), the body’s most
complex bony structure, fitted
together, except the mandible and
hyoid, is formed by cranial bones
and facial bones
• cranial bones (8)
– form cranial cavity and protect
the brain
• facial bones (15)
– Supply the framework of the
face, the sense organs, and the
teeth
– Provide openings for the
passage of air and food
– Anchor the facial muscles of
expression
 Cranial bones (8)

parietal(2) （顶骨）
temporal (2) （颞骨）
frontal (1) （额骨）
occipital (1) （枕骨）
sphenoid (1) （蝶骨）
ethmoid (1) （筛骨）
 Frontal Bone
• Forehead (anterior portion of the cranium)
• Articulates posteriorly with parietal bones via the
coronal suture
• three parts:

frontal squama( 额鳞 ) (frontal tuber)

orbital part (roof of orbital cavity)

nasal part
• Frontal sinuses (air-filled cavities)
 Occipital bone
– Part of the base and back of the skull
– Foramen magnum
– Occipital squama
– occipital condyle( 枕髁 )(articulate with the 1st
cervical vertebra)
 Parietal bones
Part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium.
quadrilateral in shape
parietal tuber
 Ethmoid Bone
• Cuboidal( 立方形 ) & pneumatic( 含气 ) bone
• Anterior base of the skull
• Lies between the sphenoid and nasal bones
• Forms most of the bony area between the nasal cavity and the
orbits ， roof of nasal cavity and part of orbital wall
• Four parts:
Cribriform plate( 筛板 )
cribriform foramina( 筛孔 )
olfactory nerve( 嗅神经 )
spine ---crista galli( 鸡冠 )
Perpendicular plate( 垂直板 )
bony Nasal septum( 骨性鼻中隔 )
two ethmoidal Labyrinths ( 筛骨迷路 )
superior and middle Nasal conchae
ethmoidal sinuses ( 筛窦 )
 Temporal Bones
• Form the inferolateral aspects of the skull and
parts of the cranial floor
• Includes four parts – squamous( 鳞部 ),
petrous( 岩部 ---triangular prism), tympanic( 鼓部 )
• Major markings:
external acoustic meatus( 外耳门 )
temporal squama( 颞骨鳞部 )
zygomatic process (arch)( 颧骨（弓） )
mandibular fossa( 下颌窝 )
articular tubercle( 关节结节 )
styloid process( 茎突 )
mastoid process( 乳突 )
stylomastoid foramen( 茎乳孔 )
mastoid air cellules( 乳突气房 )
jugular foramen( 颈静脉孔 )
internal acoustic meatus( 内耳门 )
carotid canal( 颈动脉管 )
 Sphenoid Bone
• Butterfly-shaped bone, lies in the middle of the base of skull
Articulates with all other cranial bones
Four parts:
a central body ( sphenoidal sinus, hypophysial fossa)
greater wings
lesser wings
pterygoid processes (medial and lateral plates)
 Sphenoid Bone

Contributes to floor of cranium

Bridges cranial and facial bones
Optic canal allows passage of optic
nerve

-calvaria
-base of the skull
internal view
 Facial bones (15)
• paired
– maxillae (2)( 上颌骨 )
– palatine bone(2)( 腭骨 )
– zygomatic bone(2)( 颧骨 )
– nasal bone(2)( 鼻骨 )
– lacrimal bone(2)( 泪骨 )
– inferior nasal conchae (2) ( 下鼻甲 )
• unpaired
– vomer (1)( 犁骨 )
– mandible (1)( 下颌骨 )
– hyoid bone(1)( 舌骨 )
 Palatine Bones
– Small
– L-shaped
Horizontal plate:
Form posterior portion of hard
palate
Perpendicular plate:
Lateral and lower wall of nasal
cavity
 Maxilla
• in the central portion of the facial skeleton
• Medially fused to make up the upper jaw
• Facial keystone bones that articulate with all other facial bones except
the mandible
• Body : maxillary sinus
• Four processes: frontal, palatine( 腭骨 , form anterior portion of hard
palate), alveolar( 牙槽 ) and zygomatic( 颧骨 ,connect to zygomatic bone)
 Mandible
• Largest, strongest, movable
• Articulates with temporal bone
(Temporomandibular joint)
• Horseshoe-shaped
• Body and a pair of mandibular rami
• Body of mandible

convex forward

alveolar margin

mental protuberance ( 颏隆突 )

mental foramen ( 颏孔 )

mental spine ( 颏棘 )
 Mandible

• mandibular ramus
square plate
coronoid process( 冠突 )
condylar process( 髁突 )
head of mandible
neck of mandible
mandibular notch
angle of mandible
mandibular foramen
mandibular canal
(inferior alveolar nerve &vessels)
 Zygomatic Bones

• Irregularly shaped
(cheekbones ，颧骨 )
• Form the prominences of
the cheeks
• Zygomatic arch

• Inferolateral margins of
the orbital cavity
 Other Facial Bones
• Nasal bones – thin medially
fused bones that form the bridge
of the nose
• Lacrimal bones – contribute to
the medial walls of the orbital
cavity and contain a deep
groove called the lacrimal fossa
that houses the lacrimal sac
• Inferior nasal conchae– paired,
curved bones in the nasal cavity
that form part of the lateral walls
of the nasal cavity
 Other Facial Bones
Vomer( 犁骨 ) – plow-shaped bone that forms lower part of the bony
nasal septum
 Hyoid bone

– suspended from styloid

process( 茎突 ) of skull
by stylohyoid muscle
and ligament
– greater & lesser cornua
 The bones of the skull
Cranial bones (8)
– parietal(2)
– temporal (2)
– frontal (1)
– occipital (1)
– sphenoid (1)
– ethmoid (1)
Facial bones (15)
– maxillae (2)
– palatine (2)
– zygomatic (2)
– nasal (2)
– lacrimal (2)
– inferior nasal conchae (2)
– vomer (1)
– mandible (1)
– hyoid (1)
whole views of the skull
 Superior Aspect of Skull

Ovoid( 卵形 )
Four cranial bones
United by sutures
• coronal suture
• sagittal suture
• lambdoid suture
• parietal tuber( 顶结节 )
Posterior Aspect of Skull
 internal Aspect of calvaria

sulcus for the superior

sagittal sinus

granular foveolae
 Internal Surface of Base of Skull

3 cranial fossae
anterior
middle
posterior
Internal Surface of Base of Skull
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Frontal bone
Sphenoid( 蝶骨 )
lesser wing
anterior part of the body

Ethmoid( 筛骨 )
cribriform( 筛板 )
crita galli( 鸡冠 )
cribriform foramina( 筛
孔)
 Internal Surface of Base of Skull
Middle Cranial Fossa

Bones: sphenoid and temporal

Border: lesser wing and petrous part
anterior clinoid process( 前床突 )
prechiasmatic groove( 交叉前沟 )
posterior clinoid process(protuberance)
dorsum sellae(transverse bony ridge)( 鞍背 )

Features:
hypophysial fossa( 垂体窝 )
optic canal→ optic nerve Ⅱ, ophthalmic a.
carotid sulcus( 颈动脉沟 )
superior orbital fissure( 眶上裂 ) Ⅲ ⅣⅤ1 Ⅵ
foramen rotundum( 圆孔 ) Ⅴ2
foramen ovale( 卵圆孔 ) Ⅴ3
foramen spinosum ( 棘孔 )→ middle meningeal a.
trigeminal impression
 Internal Surface of Base of Skull
Posterior Cranial Fossae

Bones: sphenoid, temporal, parietal, occiptal

Features:
foramen magnum( 枕骨大孔 )
hypoglossal canal Ⅻ ( 舌下神经 )
internal occipital protuberance( 枕内隆突 )
sulcus for superior sagittal sinus( 上矢状窦
沟)
sulcus for transverse sinus( 横窦沟 )
sulcus for sigmoid sinus( 乙状窦沟 )
jugular foramen
jugular vein
ⅨⅩⅪ
internal acoustic pore( 内耳门 )
ⅦⅧ
 external Surface of Base of Skull
Two parts
Anterior part: hard plate and alveolar arch

incisive foramen ( 切牙孔 )

greater palatine foramen( 腭大孔 )

posterior nasal apertures( 鼻后孔 )

bony nasal septum( 骨性鼻中隔 )

pterygoid plates→fossa( 翼窝 )
 External Surface of Base of Skull
Posterior part: sphenoid, occipital, temporal
foramen magnum
occipital condyle( 枕髁 )
hypoglossal canal
jugular foramen
external opening of cartoid a.
styloid process( 茎突 )
mastoid process( 乳突 )
stylomastoid foramen
articular tubercle( 关节结节 )
mandibular fossa
foramen lacerum( 破裂孔 )
foramen spinosum
foramen ovale
external occipital protuberance( 枕外隆突 )
 Lateral View of Skull
Zygomatic arch
Temporal fossa

pterion
thinnest part
anterion branch of the
middle meningeal artery lies
deep to this poit
Infratemporal fossa
 Front View of Skull

Forehead
Orbits
Bony nasal cavities
Upper & lower jaws
 Front View of Skull
orbits
Four-sided pyramid
Apex: optic canal
Supeior wall: lacrimal fossa
superorbital notch
Lateral wall: superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
Inferior wall: inferior orbital fissure
infraorbital groove
infraorbital canal
infraorbital foramen
Medial wall: fossa for lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal canal
 Front View of Skull
Bony nasal cavity

• Anterior nasal aperture ( 鼻前孔 )

• Median septum
vomer
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
• Roof: cribriform plate of ethmoid
• Floor: hard plate
• Lateral wall: three conchae
three meatuses
 Front View of Skull
Paranasal sinuses
name opening
Frontal sinuses → middle nasal meatus
Ethmoidal sinuses → three groups
anterior and middle →middle nasal meatus
posterior → superior nasal meatus
Sphenoidal sinuses → sphenoethmoidal recess
( 蝶筛隐窝 )
Maxillary sinuses → middle nasal meatus
Characteristics of the skull of
the newborn and infant
Fontanelles
Thank you!