Adva nc e d

Mathematics
- Interpolation -
 Interpolation

• Interpolation is a mathematical method.

• It estimates values between known data points.
• It involves constructing a function to fit available data.
• It predicts values within the range of known data.
 Interpolation

• Useful for discrete or irregularly spaced datasets.

• Techniques include linear, polynomial, and spline interpolation.

• Choice of method depends on data nature and desired accuracy.

 Polynomial
Interpolation

• Approximates a function by fitting a polynomial curve to given data

points.
• It aims to find a polynomial equation passing through all data
points.
• Particularly useful for discrete data when representing trends
between points.
 Polynomial
Interpolation

• The degree of the polynomial is typically one less than the number
of data points.
• Techniques like Lagrange and Newton interpolation construct the
interpolating polynomial.
• Widely applied in engineering, physics, computer graphics, and
numerical analysis.
General formula for
an nth-order
polynomial
General formula for
an nth-order
polynomial
 General formula for
an nth-order
polynomial

• For n+1 data points, there exists a unique polynomial of order n that
passes through all points.
• With two data points, only one first-order polynomial (a straight
line) connects them.
 Polynomial
Interpolation

• Consists of determining the unique nth-order polynomial that fits n

+ 1 data points.
• This polynomial then provides a formula to compute intermediate
values.
 Polynomial
Interpolation

• Despite the uniqueness of the nth - order polynomial for n + 1

points, it can be expressed in various mathematical formats.
 Polynomial
Interpolation

Two commonly used formats for

computer implementation

• Newton Interpolating Polynomial

• Lagrange Polynomial
 Polynomial
Interpolation

Examples of interpolating polynomials: (a) first-order (linear) connecting two points, (b) second-
order (quadratic or parabolic) connecting three points, and (c) third-order (cubic) connecting four
points.
 Newton’s Divided-Difference Interpolating
Polynomials

Newton’s polynomial interpolation is another popular way to fit exactly

for a set of data points. The general form of an n−1 order Newton’s
polynomial that goes through n points is:
 Newton’s Divided-Difference Interpolating
Polynomials

Newton’s interpolation polynomial using MATLAB as a technique is a

powerful tool for approximating functions based on a set of data points.
 Newton’s Divided-Difference Interpolating
Polynomials

Forward Interpolation:
• Newton’s forward difference formula allows us to construct an
interpolating polynomial using data points in a forward direction.
• To implement this in MATLAB, we calculate the divided
differences and construct the polynomial.
 Newton’s Divided-Difference Interpolating
Polynomials

Backward Interpolation:
• Newton’s backward difference formula works similarly but
constructs the polynomial in a backward direction.
• MATLAB allows us to compute these coefficients and construct the
backward interpolation polynomial.
Newton’s Divided-Difference Interpolating
Polynomials
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Given are the specific heat capacities of a certain substance at different temperatures.
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Using Newton’s Interpolating Polynomial, we shall estimate the specific heat capacity at a temperature not in this table.

MATLAB Code: % Newton's Divided Difference % Interpolation

n = length(T); syms x;
% Given data (Temperature in K and F = zeros(n,n); N = F(1,1);
Specific Heat Capacity in kJ/kg K) F(:,1) = C'; for j = 2:n
T = [10 20 30 40 50]; N = N + F(j,j)*prod(x-T(1:j-1));
C = [0.385 0.398 0.409 0.415 0.421]; for j = 2:n end
for i = j:n
F(i,j) = (F(i,j-1)-F(i-1,j-1))/(T(i)-T(i-j+1)); % Display the interpolating polynomial
end disp(vpa(N,5));
end
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Excel Spreadsheet:

In Excel, use the FORECAST.LINEAR function to interpolate the data.

Following are the steps:
1.Enter the given data in two columns, A and B.
2.To find the specific heat capacity at a certain temperature, for example 25
K, use the formula =FORECAST.LINEAR(25, B2:B6, A2:A6)
 BS M E 2 B
MEMBERS
• Arcolas, Rafael Gabrielle
• Badoraya, Jhoana Marie
• Balsomo, Jeake Shanley
• Barbas, Chris Andrea
• Gorion, John Reinci Ken S.
• Padilla, Maxine
• Mugar, Reyvel
REFERENCES