PARAPHRASE AND

SUMMARY

ACADEMIC WRITING
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2 PLAGIARISM
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3 PARAPHRASE AND SUMMARY

Academic writing normally requires that you support your

ideas and opinions with facts, statistics, quotations, and
similar kinds of information. There are four ways to use
information from outside sources. You can quote it directly
or indirectly, skills that you practiced in previous classes.
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4 PARAPHRASE

When you paraphrase, you rewrite information from an outside

source in your own words without changing the meaning. Because
you include in your rewriting all or nearly all of the content of the
original passage, a paraphrase is almost as long as the Original. (A
summary, by contrast, is much shorter than the original.)
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20 ELIMINATING WORDS

• Wordy: After booking a ticket to Dallas from a travel agent, I

packed my bags and arranged for a taxi to the airport. Once there,
I checked in, went through security, and was ready to board. But
problems beyond my control led to a three-hour delay before
takeoff. (47 words)
• Concise: My flight to Dallas was delayed for three hours.
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21 ELIMINATING WORDS

• Wordy: After booking a ticket to Dallas from a travel agent, I

packed my bags and arranged for a taxi to the airport. Once there,
I checked in, went through security, and was ready to board. But
problems beyond my control led to a three-hour delay before
takeoff. (47 words)
• Concise: My flight to Dallas was delayed for three hours.
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22 GO FROM OLD TO NEW INFORMATION

• Introduce your readers to the "big picture" first by giving

them information they already know. Then they can link
what's familiar to the new information you give them. As
that new information becomes familiar, it too becomes
old information that can link to newer information.
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23 GO FROM OLD TO NEW INFORMATION

• Every semester after final exams are over, I'm faced with
the problem of what to do with books of lecture notes (new
information). They (old) might be useful some day, but
they just keep piling up on my bookcase (new). Someday,
it (old) will collapse under the weight of information I
might never need.
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24 GO FROM OLD TO NEW INFORMATION

Here is a sentence that is not as clear. It moves from new

information to old information:
• Lately, most movies I've seen have been merely
second-rate entertainment, but occasionally there
are some with worthwhile themes. The rapid
disappearance of the Indian culture (new) is the
topic of a recent movie (old) I saw.
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25 GO FROM OLD TO NEW INFORMATION

• Did you find the second sentence hard to read or understand? If

so, it could be because the old information comes late in the
sentence after the new information. A clearer version that moves
from old information to new information might look like this:
• Lately, most movies I've seen have been merely second-
rate entertainment, but occasionally there are some with
worthwhile themes. One recent movie (old) I saw was
about the rapid disappearance of the Indian culture (new).
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26 PARALLEL STRUCTURES

• Not as clear (not parallel):

• In Florida, where the threat of hurricanes is an
annual event, we learned that it is important (1) to
become aware of the warning signs. (2) There are
precautions to take, and (3) deciding when to take
shelter is important.
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27 PARALLEL STRUCTURES

• Clear (parallel):
• In Florida, where the threat of hurricanes is an
annual event, we learned that it is important (1) to
become aware of the warning signs, (2) to know
what precautions to take, and (3) to decide when to
seek shelter.
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