OBJECTIVES

A. Enumerate the eight patterns of

development
B. Identify patterns of development in texts
C. Use the knowledge in patterns of
development t construct well-written text.
PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT

WEEK 1
The Patterns of Paragraph Development
A. Narration/Recount of a sequence
B. Description
C. Definition
D. Enumeration/Exemplication & Classification
E. Comparison and contrast
F. Cause and Effect
G. Problem-Solution
H. Persuasion/Thesis-Evidence
Narration/Recounting a sequence
• The narrative paragraph tells a part of a story in the first person.
• relates an incident or a series of events that leads to a conclusion
or ending. It tells the readers when, where, and what happened.
• contains action verbs and transition words that indicate time or
sequence.
• Used in writing biographies, anecdotes, myths and other stories.

KEYWORDS
First, second, etc. After, next, then, eventually, soon Meanwhile, a
short time later During, at the same time, simultaneously Suddenly,
instantly, momentarily The next day, following, thereafter In the end,
ultimately Narration is usually used in the humanities. In a writing
class, for instance, you can write about a particular event or situation.
 This past weekend I had the time of my life. First, Friday
night, I had my best friend over and we made a delicious, mouth
watering pizza. After we ate, we had a friendly video game
competition. On Saturday, my dad took us out on the boat. The
weather was perfect and the water was warm. It was a great day
to go for a swim. Later that night, we went to the movies. We
saw an action packed thriller and ate a lot of popcorn. Finally, on
Sunday, we rode our bikes all over town. By the end of the day,
my legs were very tired. I only hope that next weekend can be as
fun as this one
Description
• gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a
situation is like
• appeals to the reader’s senses; it makes the reader see, hear,
taste, smell, or feel the subject.
• has concrete and specific details
• Used in writing essays, business plans, lab reports, and research
papers

KEYWORDS
Adjectives: Size(huge,small,Large) Shape(spherical,octagonal,rectangular)
Texture(rough,smooth,velvety) Color (ash-gray,verdant-green,stormy-blue)
Adverbs: Evenly, roughly, consistently
Preposition: ( middle, behind, under)
Descriptive
Pattern
satisfy these
questions
Original: "The forest was beautiful.”

Descriptive: "In the heart of the forest, towering

evergreens created a verdant canopy that filtered the
sunlight into an intricate mosaic of emerald hues. The
forest floor was carpeted with a soft tapestry of moss
and fallen leaves, a testament to nature's patient
artistry."
Original: "The room was organized."

Descriptive: "Upon entering the room, my gaze swept

from left to right, taking in the meticulously arranged
shelves, the neatly stacked books, and the curated
display of artifacts that gave each corner a purposeful
identity."
 My favorite place to relax is a small café down the street from
where I live. This café is on a small side street and as soon as you see
it, you feel like going in. There are three windows on either side of the
door, and each window has a small window box with brightly colored
flowers. There is a small wooden door that opens into the café, and as
soon as you go in, you can see a dozen small tables all around the
room. I always like to sit at a small table in the corner near the front
windows. From here, I can look at the artwork on the walls and at the
pretty green plants hanging from the ceiling. With a strong cup of
coffee and a good book, I feel very happy and relaxed in my favorite
place.
Definition
• explains a concept, term, or subject.
• tell “what” something is.
• It consists of three parts:
 ITEM - the term, concept, or subject to be defined
 GENUS - the general class to which it belongs
 DIFFERENTIA - the characteristics that differentiate it from the
other members of its class.
• This pattern of development is commonly used in the sciences,
humanities, and business.

KEYWORDS
Is/are, for example, is defined is, means, is like, appears to be, is a
form/type of …
 My favorite place to relax is a small café down the street from
where I live. This café is on a small side street and as soon as you see
it, you feel like going in. There are three windows on either side of the
door, and each window has a small window box with brightly colored
flowers. There is a small wooden door that opens into the café, and as
soon as you go in, you can see a dozen small tables all around the
room. I always like to sit at a small table in the corner near the front
windows. From here, I can look at the artwork on the walls and at the
pretty green plants hanging from the ceiling. With a strong cup of
coffee and a good book, I feel very happy and relaxed in my favorite
place.
Classification and Exemplification
Classification
• refers to sorting or arranging subjects (e.g., persons, places, things, ideas) into
groups or categories according to their common or shared characteristic.
• subjects can be grouped in many different ways depending on your purpose.
• Used in classifying historical events by year, popular TV shows by genre, diseases
based on mode of transmission, cleaning products based on manufacturer, and
animals based on habitat

Exemplification
• the main idea is explained by giving an extended example or a series of detailed
examples.
Classification and Exemplification

KEYWORDS

Classification
• An example of, a kind of, a type of, a form of, divided into, several,
there are several type, kind, example of…, another kind of, divided
into.

Exemplification
 Facebook
Advantages Disadvantages

Easier Communication
Procrastination
Recreation/Entertainment
Fake News
Boost Business
Cosmestics Lewd Images/Videos
Ukay2 Scamming
Food Delivery
Catch updates/latest news
 Television presents a vivid world in front of us. For
example, TV can keep us informed of what is happening
throughout the world. Say for instance, with a TV set at
home, we can visit a great many tourist attractions in
different countries. Besides, TV brings various forms of
entertainments to our homes such as sports
competitions, concerts. The pictures look so real that we
feel as if the events were taking place right before our
eyes.
Weak: The Mayor is corrupt and should not be
reelected.

Strong: The mayor should not be reelected because

he has fired two city workers who refused to
contribute to his campaign fund, has put his family
and friends on city payroll, and has used public
employees to make improvements in his home.
Comparison and Contrast
• To compare persons, things, places, events, situations, or
ideas is to show how they are alike.
• To contrast persons, things, places, events, situations,
or ideas is to show how they are different.
• Used in many academic disciplines like the humanities,
sciences, and business. Such paragraphs can be found in
character analyses; various kinds of essays; political
science, sociology, and historical papers; lab reports;
progress reports; book and film reviews; and marketing
campaigns.
Comparison and Contrast
KEYWORDS
Comparison:
In the same way, By the same token, Similarly, In like manner,
Likewise, In similar fashion
Contrast:
A clear difference, But, Conflicting viewpoint , Despite, Even so ,
For all that , However, In another way , Larger , Nevertheless ,
On one hand, Pro, Rather, Slower, Still another, The antithesis of
Both:
By the same token, Conversely, Likewise, On the other hand,
Rather, Similarly, Yet, However , Nevertheless, In contrast
One summer, I signed up for an algebra class. Summer
School, I learned, is different from the school year in
some ways. First, it’s a lot hotter and harder to
concentrate. The workload is heavier because the time
is so short. I decided to work harder since attending
summer class was my choice. Summer School was like
the school year because I didn’t get to pick my teacher,
I had to work harder than expected – and I did learn a
lot.
The first day, I faced two math teachers in the auditorium.
I didn’t know which I had – that was the worst part. Mr. T
spoke really softly and kindly. He was dressed in neat but
casual black shorts and a white T-shirt. He smiled and I
liked him at once. Ms. H (stands for Horrible) stood stiffly
and grumbled nastily. Her black suit and starched white
blouse looked uncomfortable in the summer heat. I was
worried. When she finally smiled, I could tell that at least
she loved Algebra.
Cause and Effect
• Cause is simply “why something happens,”
• Effect is “what happens.”
• With the cause-and-effect pattern, the writer can
explain how an event or action leads to another.
• There are three variations of the cause and effect
pattern.
• Cause-effect
• Effect-cause
• Consecutive cause and effect
Cause and Effect
• Cause to Effect: This type of organization is best for explaining
a single cause with different effects.
• Effect to Cause: This type of organization is best for presenting
a single effect with different causes.
• Consecutive Cause. This type of organization is best for
presenting a one after another cause and effect situation. The
writer explains each cause and effect completely before moving
on to the next cause and effect.

KEYWORDS
as a result accordingly, because of (this) due to (this)
consequently hence/therefore/thus
Headaches can have several causes. Many people think that the
major cause of headache is nervous tension, but there is strong
evidence that suggests diet and environment as possible factors.
Some people get headaches because they are dependent on
caffeine. Other people may be allergic to salt, or they may have low
blood sugar. Still other people are allergic to household chemicals
including polishes, waxes, bug killers, and paint. If they can manage
to avoid these substances, their headaches tend to go away. When a
person has recurring headaches, it is worthwhile to look for the
underlying cause, especially if the result of that search is freedom
from pain.
One of the negative effects of smoking is that it can
cause serious health problems. Smoking ca increase
the chance of getting lung cancer, as well as cancer of
the mouth, throat, bladder, pancreas and kidneys.
Heart disease and ulcers are also related to smoking.
Further, pregnant women who smoke are more likely
to have premature babies than women who do not
smoke.
Problem-solution
• A Problem in general is an unsatisfactory situation that
causes troubles or difficulties. This needs a
Solution, a way to deal with the situation so that the
troubles or difficulties are removed.
• There are three variations of the Problem –solution
structure
 Problem-Solution
 Problem-Cause-Solution
 Problem-Process-Solution
Problem-solution
• Problem-solution
 The problem is expressed in a simple
statement, and a possible solution is given.
• Problem-cause-solution
 The cause of
the problem is identified and analyzed before a
possible solution is presented.
• Problem-process-solution
 The process
or procedure is discussed extensively. In the
discussion, the problem is addressed; the readers ar
Problem-solution
solution
The Problem/dilemma is because
If/then cause
So that since
Solves as a result
problem in order to
so that
In northern areas, the weather is too cold to grow
crops all year long. But some farmers have found a
way to grow food all year. A greenhouse is a special
building that stays warm in the winter. Crops like
lettuce and basil can grow well in the greenhouse,
even when the weather is cold.
In most parts of the world, there are not as many crocodiles as
there used to be. This is a problem because crocodiles are
becoming endangered and also crocodiles are necessary to the
balance of nature. Many crocodiles have died because people
dried up the swamps and marshes where the crocodiles live.
Poachers have also contributed to the dilemma as crocodiles
have been desired for their strong, smooth, leathery skins. In
order to preserve these mighty creatures, people must take care
of the crocodiles’ environment and help put a stop to the
needless shooting of these animals.
Persuasion
• Intends to convince readers to do or believe in
something.
• Used in critiques or reviews, reaction papers, editorials,
proposals, advertisements, and brochures
• There are three common techniques that you can use
in developing a persuasive paragraph:
 Using evidence
 Giving examples
 Attacking an opposing view
Persuasion
• Using Evidence. You can use strong evidence such as facts and
statistics, statements of expert authorities, and research
findings to create impact and establish credibility.
• Giving Examples. Providing examples which can enhance your
idea or opinion and make it concrete. These examples can be based
on observations or from your own personal experience.
• Attacking an Opposing View . You can assert your opinion by
attacking or criticizing someone or an opposing idea.
 Belittling someone’s idea
 dismissing the credibility of someone or an idea, and ;
 making fun of someone’s idea are some forms of attack that can
be used to strengthen your opinion.
Persuasion
• Using Evidence. You can use strong evidence such as facts and
statistics, statements of expert authorities, and research
findings to create impact and establish credibility.
• Giving Examples. Providing examples which can enhance your
idea or opinion and make it concrete. These examples can be based
on observations or from your own personal experience.
• Attacking an Opposing View . You can assert your opinion by
attacking or criticizing someone or an opposing idea.
 Belittling someone’s idea
 dismissing the credibility of someone or an idea, and ;
 making fun of someone’s idea are some forms of attack that can
be used to strengthen your opinion.
Persuasion
• Assert, claim, prove/show
that…, support, and allege that;
evidence, proof, and argument.