MOMENTUM EQUATION

• Momentum of a particle or object is defined as

the product of its mass and its velocity (mv)
• Any moving fluid posses momentum
• Whenever velocity is changed in magnitude &
direction, momentum also change
• According to Newton’s 2nd law, these changes
need force which is proportional to the rate of
change of that momentum
• The force may be provided by contact between
the fluid and a solid boundary
• By Newton’s third law, the fluid will exert an
equal and opposite force on the solid boundary
that producing the change of velocity.
• Such forces known as dynamic forces and are
additional to static forces
ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW
TWO DIMENSIONAL FLOW
TOTAL FLOW FORCES

• FORCES DUE TO RATE OF CHANGE

OF THE FLOW MOMENTUM (F1)
• FLUID PRESSURE FORCES (F2)
• FLUID FRICTION FORCES(F3)
• FLUID WEIGHT (F4)
• TOTAL F = F 1 + F2 + F3 + F4
APPLICATIONS OF
MOMENTUM EQUATION
IMPACT OF JET ON FLAT SURFACES
NOTE:
F is normal
to the plate
NOTE:
F is normal
to the plate
 IMPACT OF JET ON CURVED SURFACES
1. Jet striking stationary curved vane with  < 900

Note: all parameters are positive in x and y direction and rate of change of
momentum is valid to apply for the same velocity direction. i.e.

   
F  m .(Vinitial  V final )
APPLY TO PELTON WHEEL TURBINE’S BUCKET
 FORCES ON PIPE’S REDUCER AND BEND

• Consider horizontal pipe and therefore no

fluid weight involved
• p1 is NOT equal to p2 (i.e. closed flow)
• Pressure force is vertical to the cross
sectional area (A) and = p x A
SEE EXAMPLE NEXT……….
REACTION OF JET
- Thrust by jet
• Newton law: Action = Reaction
• At steady condition;
F = m (v-u)
W = F u = m (v-u) u
=  A v (v - u) u
where:
A = nozzle are
m = mass flow rate of the gas
 = gas density
REACTION OF JET
- sprinkler
TWO POSSIBLE CASES AT STEADY
CONDITION;
1) STATIONARY
2) ROTATE WITH N r.p.m.
Stationary Sprinkler

• F = mass/s x flow velocity at nozzle

=  A v (v) =  A v 2 / nozzle
where A = nozzle area
• Turning moment = F x L
=  A v2 L/ nozzle
• Total turning moment =  A v2 L x
number of nozzle
• Work = F x u = 0
 Sprinkler rotates with N r.p.m.
• F = mass/s x flow velocity at nozzle
=  A v (vr ) =  A v (v – u)
=  A v (v –  L)
since u =  L
• Turning moment = F x L =  A v (v –  L) L
• Work =  A v (v –  L) x u
=  A v (v –  L) x  L
• If air resistance & friction neglected then;
u=v=L
So F =Turning moment = Work = 0
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
THANK YOU

QUIZ ?
HOMEWORK ?
HOME WORK 3 & 4
• Pg. 88: 1, 2 and 5.32
• Pg. 89: 5.38, 5.50
• Pg. 90: P3.46
• Pg. 107: 8
• Pg. 108: 13 and 20
• Submit by post to me:

Wan Ali Wan Mat

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Skudai
Johor Darul Takzim

(Should reach me before 17 April 2009)

Figure E5.7 (p. 202)
Figure E5.15 (p. 216)
 ………………………………………
……………………………………

Figure 5.4 (p. 223)

(a) Rotary water sprinkler. (b) Rotary water sprinkler, plane view. (c) Rotary
water sprinkler, side view.
Figure 5.5 (p. 224)
Right-hand rule convention.
………………………………………
……………………………………

Figure E5.18a-c (p. 226)

Figure 5.7 (p. 233)
Streamtube flow.
Figure P5.29 (p. 256)
Figure P5.31 (p. 256)
Figure P5.32 (p. 256)
Figure P5.34 (p. 257)
Figure P5.49 (p. 259)
Figure P5.50 (p. 259)
Figure P5.52 (p. 260)
Figure P5.53 (p. 260)
Figure P5.69 (p. 262)
Figure P5.70 (p. 262)
Figure P5.91 (p. 265)
Figure P5.92 (p. 266)
Figure P5.93 (p. 266)
Figure P5.94 (p. 266)
Figure P5.95 (p. 266)
Figure P5.97 (p. 266)
Figure P5.102 (p. 267)
Figure P5.111 (p. 268)
Figure P5.119 (p. 269)
Figure P5.134 (p. 271)