DATABASE

ABSTRACTION
Presented by:
M.SAIVENKAT(22D41A1241)
K.VARSHASRI(22D41A1236)
R.AJAY BABU(22D41A1252)
G.SIDDHARTHA(22D41A1223)
DATABASE ABSTRACTION

• The major purpose of a database system is to provide users with

an abstract view of the system. The system hides certain details of
how data is stored and created and maintained
• Complexity should be hidden from database users.
The data in DBMS is described at three levels of
abstraction:

1) Internal or physical level

2)Conceptual level
3)External level
INTERNAL LEVEL

• At the internal or physical level,Students are represented

by a stored record type called STORED-STU ,which is a
74 character long.
• Student record contains 4 fields or data items.
STORED-STU record length 74

SID 4 INTEGER OFFSET 0 UNIQUE

SNAME STRING LENGTH 20 OFFSET 0

SMAJOR STRING LENGTH 40 OFFSET 64

SCREDIT DEC 5,2 OFFSET 69

• INTERNAL LEVEL is the physical representation of the database .
• This is the lowest abstraction of database.
• This level indicates HOW the data will be stored on the Database and
describes the data structure,file structure and access methods to be
used by the database.
• The internal schema defines the stored record ,methods of
representing data, indexing,data compression and encryption
techniques.
CONCEPTUAL LEVEL
STORED-STU record length 69

SID : INTEGER (4)

SNAME :STRING (20)

SMAJOR :STRING (40)

SCREDIT: DEC ( 5,2)

• At the conceptual level,the database contains information concerning an
entity type called STUDENT
• Each individual student has a SID,SNAME,SMAJOR,SCREDIT
• All the Database entities and relationships are included in this databse
abstraction .
• It descibes WHAT data is stored in the database and the relationships
among the data
• IT contains the logical structure of entire databse and seen by DBA.
• It applies constraints on the data,has semantic information about the
data,checks to retain data consistency and integrity,security information.
 EXTERNAL LEVEL

USER VIEW 1 USER VIEW2

S-NAME S-CREDIT SID S-NAME S-CREDIT

• EXTERNAL LEVEL is the user’s view of the database.
• This level is the highest level of abstraction .
• This level describes that part of database which is relevant to the users.
• Any number of user views, may exist for a given conceptual or global view of
the database.
• It includes only those entities, attributes ,relationships in the real world that
is user is interested in. Other may be present in database but user is not
aware of it.
• In the external level, different views may have different
representation on the same data.
• Some view include derived or calculculated data i.e data is not stored
in the database ,but are related when needed .
• This schema consists of the defination of the logical records and the
relationships in the external view.
• The external Schema is written using external DDL.
• It also contains the method of deriving objects in the view from the
objects in conceptual level.
THANK YOU