Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Condensation
Condensation
T<Td
clouds or dewfall
Unsaturated
Pop quiz: When is dew or frost on grass unlikely ?
at night;
on a windy, dry day;
when it is calm;
when the sky is clear;
Condensation (or deposition) can be manmade as well
9-4-94, 07:10:
STS-59 launch
Contrails
engine
exhaust
contrail
measured forms
Saturated contrail
dissipates
Unsaturated
cold hot
But most condensation processes on Earth are natural
Two challenges to rain formation:
Giant nuclei 1 - 10 1 - 10
Large nuclei 0.1 - 1.0 1 - 103
Aitken nuclei 0.01 - 0.1 103 - 106
Because the small nuclei have such little mass, they are able to remain
suspended in the atmosphere for many days.
Condensation Nuclei: Sources
breaking waves and air bubbles inject salt particles and dimethylsulfide
aerosols into the air;
Salt crystal
this is because of
cohesion forces: the
surface tension is trying
to squish the droplet
cloud droplet formation: the solute effect
C
discussion
Think of situations in which any of these three processes causes fog
– Land & sea …
– Day & night…
Fog by cooling: Radiation fog
Radiation fog (“ground fog”)
clear night sky, light winds, and an air mass that is relatively humid.
the layer can grow vertically (radiational cooling from the top of the fog).
Advection fog
Radiation & advection fog
C
steam fog
Forms when cold air drifts over a warmer body of water.
The lower layers of air has been modified through contact with the warmer
water, and become both more humid (evaporation) and warmer than the air
above (unstable).
The consequent mixing of mild, humid air with cold, dry air brings the air to
saturation, and fog forms.
Pop quiz: The most common type of fog, radiation fog, usually disappears during the day
because:
A: the cloud droplets absorb solar radiation; they then warm, resulting in a higher
saturation vapor pressure around the droplets, higher than the vapor pressure in
the ambient air; the differential leads to evaporation;
B: a little sunshine trickles thru the fog; that warms the ground, which in turn warms
the air; the air then can hold more water vapor, so the cloud droplets are happy to
evaporate;
C: the wind picks up during the day and advects the fog up; often the fog can be
seen later in the afternoon, reshaped into a cumulus cloud
D: the solar radiation is reflected by the fog, keeping the ground cold, and causing
the fog droplets to fall out as dew.
How clouds form
What are clouds?
Rising air is the key process in the production of clouds: Rising air expands and cools.
Humidity increases until it reaches 100%. When this occurs, condensation occurs
convection orographic
spontaneous buoyant
Low-level convergence, OR
divergence aloft, near jet stream frontal
Lifting condensation level
Definition : level at which an air parcel becomes saturated when lifted
(cooled adiabatically)
Calculating the Height of Cu Bases
You can use the following formulas to calculate the height (H) of a
cumulus cloud base given surface temperature (T) and dew point
temperature (Td).
H (meters) = 125×(T– Td ) in ºC
H (feet) = 222×(T – Td ) in ºF
Graphical cloud height estimation (aerological diagram)
Measured
parameters:
p = 800 mb
(Laramie);
T = 10ºC;
Td = 0ºC
Imagine drier air (Td = -5ºC)
higher
cloud base
x
Imagine more humid air (Td = +5ºC)
lower
cloud base
x
Pop quiz: Cloud droplets form … when the air is saturated, and ice
crystals form … when the air cools to …
A: in the air … in the air … the freezing point;