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For more detailed instructions, see the Getting Started presentation.

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Bar charts

In a bar chart, the height (or length) of each bar corresponds

to the frequency.

Gaps are left between the bars for discontinuous data but
not for continuous.
The axes of the bar chart should always be labelled.
The bars should all be the same width.

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Pet shop sales

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Different types of bar chart

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Bar charts

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Bar charts

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Bar charts

This is an example of a bar chart that

was used by Fox News during the US
presidential election in 2008.

What does it tell you?

What are the problems with it?

This new bar chart displays the same

information in a different way.

What has been added? Is it better?

What does it tell you?
Are there still any problems with it?

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Education around the world

This bar chart shows the number of school students per

teacher in seven different countries around the world.

What information can you gather from this graph?

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Stacked bar charts

This bar chart shows the A level results achieved by

secondary school pupils in Maths and Biology.

What conclusions can you draw?

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Literacy rates

This bar chart shows the literacy rates of men and women in
seven different countries around the world.

What does the graph tell you?

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Two-way tables

If we want to assess which were Team GB’s strongest events

in the 2008 Olympic games we could use a two-way table
showing the number of medals won in each event.

The table is known as Gold Silver Bronze TOTAL

a two-way table since Cycling 8 4 2 14
the data is sorted in 2 Swimming 2 2 2 6
ways: by event and Rowing/
3 3 3 9
Canoeing
type of medal.
Sailing 4 1 1 6
Complete the table. Athletics 1 2 1 4
How many gold Other 1 16 8
medals were won? TOTAL 19 13
15 47

How many athletics medals were won in total?

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Two-way tables

How do people get to school

and does it change by gender
or age?

How long does it take?

Has it changed over

the past 10 years?

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Two-way tables
Age 5 to 10 Age 11 to 16
Males Females All Males Females All
Walk 49 54 52 41 42 41
Bicycle 1 1 1 6 1 3
Car/van 44 38 41 18 23 20
Private 3 2 2 8 6 7
bus
Local bus 3 4 3 23 26 24
Rail - - - 2 1 2
Other 1 1 1 2 2 2
All modes 100 100 100 100 100 100
This table shows the percentage of trips to school by sex and
mode of transport in 2006.
Discuss differences between how primary school pupils and
secondary school pupils travel to school.

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Two-way tables

This table shows the average time taken to get to school

(in minutes) by children aged 5–16 from 1995/97–2006.
1995/ 1998/
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
1997 2000
5 – 10 years 11.5 12.3 12.9 12.6 13.2 12.6 12.6

11 – 16 years 21.4 22.3 23.6 23.9 23.1 22.7 24.4

5 – 16 years 16.3 17.4 18.4 18.6 18.4 17.9 18.7

How much longer did secondary school pupils take

travelling to school in 2006 than primary school pupils?
How have journey times changed since the mid-1990s?

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Line graphs

When you have lots of information that would look too busy
on a bar graph, you can use a line graph instead.

Line graphs are often used to display trends over a period

of time.

What is this line graph showing you?

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Smoking among young people

These figures show the percentages of students in Years

7-10 that smoke regularly in Great Britain.

Year 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Boys 11 13 7 7 9 9 10 11 9 8 9

Girls 11 13 12 9 11 10 13 15 12 10 12
Total 11 13 10 8 10 10 12 13 11 9 10

What would be the most appropriate graph to illustrate

this data? Why?
Use this data to plot your own graph.

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Regular smoking in Year 7 – 10 pupils

This graph shows the percentages of boys and girls in Years

7 – 10 that smoke regularly in Great Britain.

What conclusions can you draw from the graph?

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Regular smoking in Year 7 – 10 pupils

This graph shows the total percentage of students in Years

7 – 10 that smoke regularly in Great Britain.

What conclusions can you draw from the graph?

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Smoking among young people

These figures show the percentages of Year 11 students

that smoke regularly in Great Britain.

Year 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Boys 24 28 18 17 25 21 26 28 19 21 21

Girls 25 28 27 22 25 25 30 33 29 25 26
Total 25 28 22 20 25 23 28 30 24 23 23

How does this data compare to that of Year 7 – 10

students?
Can you plot this data on an appropriate graph?

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Regular smoking in Year 11

This graph shows the percentages of boys and girls in Year 11

that smoke regularly in Great Britain.

What conclusions can you draw from the graph?

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Regular smoking in Year 11

This graph shows the total percentage of students in Year 11

that smoke regularly in Great Britain.

What conclusions can you draw from the graph?

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Comparing Years 7 to 10 to Year 11

This graph shows a comparison of the total percentage of

students in Years 7 – 10 and Year 11 that smoke regularly.

What conclusions can you draw from the graph?

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Investigation

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Pie charts

A pie chart fits any amount of information into one circle.

Each circle can be divided into 360º or into 100%.
The information is divided into degrees or percentages.

In some pie charts, you may not know how much raw data
was used to supply the information that is displayed.
What do these pie charts tell you?

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Pie charts

To convert raw data into angles for n data items: 360 ÷ n

represents the number of degrees per data item.

For example, suppose 40 people take part in a survey to find

their favourite flavour of crisps.

One person votes prawn cocktail 360° ÷ 40 = 9°

Two people vote smoky bacon 9° × 2 = 18°
Eight people choose cheese and onion 9° × 8 = 72°

In this pie chart, how many people are represented by

an angle of 36°?

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Ready salted?

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Converting data into angles

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Displaying data as a pie chart

When drawing a pie chart, it is helpful to follow guidelines.

There should be no gaps in
your pie chart.
The angles should add up to 360°.
Angles should be rounded off to
the nearest degree if necessary.
If you have had to round off, the
angles may add up to slightly more
or less than 360°.
Each section should be labelled or a key should be used.
You may want to include actual numbers or percentages.
Angles are not normally included.

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Solving problems with pie charts

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Pie chart of Year 7 smoking habits

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Pie chart of Year 11 smoking habits

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Pie charts investigation

Use the charts to

work out how much
money was spent in
total in 2009.

How much money was spent on each section of the

UK economy?

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