* UMAIR FAROOQI

* SU91-MSAHW-23-166

* FERMAN ULLAH

* SU91-MSAHW-23-115
*

PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

 PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

* Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistent opening

between the two major blood vessels leading from the
heart. The heart problem is present from birth. That
means it is a congenital heart defect.
* An opening called the ductus arteriosus is part of a
baby's blood flow system in the womb. It usually closes
shortly after birth. If it remains open, it's called a patent
ductus arteriosus.

* Mild PDA might not need treatment, but some children

with the defect may require catheterization or surgery
 * CAUSES

* The cause of PDA is not known, but genetics

might play a role.
* PDA is more common in premature babies and
affects twice as many girls as boys.
* It's also common among babies with neonatal
respiratory distress syndrome, babies with
genetic disorders (such as Down syndrome),
and babies whose mothers had rubella
(German measles) during pregnancy.
 SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Babies with a large PDA might have symptoms such as:

* A bounding (strong and forceful) pulse

* Fast breathing
* Not feeding well
* Shortness of breath
* Sweating while feeding
* Tiring very easily
* Poor growth
 DIAGNOSIS

* Echocardiogram — an ultrasound scan of the

heart.

* Electrocardiogram — a test that uses

electrodes to evaluate the heart
 Treatment

* If a small PDA does not cause severe symptoms, it may not

need treatment. Sometimes the connection may close on
its own a few months after birth. A baby may need
medicine such as indomethacin (an anti-inflammatory)
during these months to help close the connection, or
water medicine (diuretics) to reduce the risk of fluid
buildup.
* Larger connections usually need treatment with
catheterization or surgery.
 Cardiac catheterization
* Catheterization is the most common treatment for PDA.
During this minimally invasive procedure, a pediatric
interventional cardiologist:
Makes a tiny incision near a large blood vessel in the leg

Inserts a catheter (thin, flexible tube) into the blood vessel

and threads it up to the PDA

Slides a coil or other plug-like device through the catheter

and into the PDA to close it.
 PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS SURGERY
* Patent ductus arteriosus surgery is usually reserved for
babies with very large PDAs. Open surgery presents more
risks than cardiac catheterization and requires a longer
recovery time. During this procedure, a pediatric heart
surgeon:

Makes an incision in the chest

Closes the connection with stitches or small metal clips.