Biomechanics in

Orthodontic
How we can achieve a good orthodontic
treatment
1-good diagnosis
2-good treatment plan
3-Excellent biomechanics
 These biomechanical principles are contemplated within a
part of Engineering called Mechanics, which describes the
effect of forces on objects (teeth and bone) divided in
three areas:
 Staticdescribes the effect of forces over still objects at a
constant speed (in a straight line).
 Kinetics describes the behavior of objects that suffer shifting
 speeds (acceleration and deceleration).
 Finally,Materials Resistance describes the relation between
force and tension among these, allowing us to select the ideal
materials in order to apply a force.
In orthodontic , biomechanics is commonly
used in discussion of the reaction force,
whereas, mechanics is reserved for the
properties of the strictly mechanical
component of the appliance system.
Laws of Newton

 In 1686, Newton presented the fundamental laws

of Mechanics, their applications and results. The
three laws of motion are the following:
 The law of inertia
 The law of acceleration
 The law of action and reaction
The law of inertia

 Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a

straight line unless it is compelled to change by the forces impressed
on it.
 A dental malposition can never resolve itself spontaneously;
because of this, forces must be applied in order to obtain movement.
 In orthodontics we can state that teeth tend to remain almost
motionless, unless there is a force applied to provoke tooth
displacement.
The law of acceleration:

 The change in motion is proportional to the motive force impressed

and is made in the direction of a straight line in which the force is
impressed
 In orthodontics we can apply diverse forces with different
intensities; it all depends on the tooth that we want to move.
 Said in another way, we can affirm that teeth move in the direction
of the applied force, the larger the root volume, the larger the force
that has to be exerted to produce physiologic movement.
The law of action and reaction

 To every action there is always opposing and equal reaction.

What is force?

 Force is an action exerted by a body (wire, coil, elastic, etc.) over another body
(teeth or bone). It expresses itself as mass times acceleration (mass x acceleration)
and is a vector that presents
Common terminologies

Force
 F=M×a
 M=mass
 A= acceleration
 Measured by Newton
 The forces are indicated By straight arrows
Resultant of forces
Components of a force
What is a vector in physics?

 A vector is a concept characterized by a magnitude and a direction.

 This vector is graphically defined by an arrow, indicating the direction of the
force (bucco-lingual, mesio-distal, etc.) and the line of action, (where the force is
going),
 Eg. A force vector characterized by magnitude, line of action, point of origin and
sense
 The vector is used to represent
force graphically
 Force is a vector quantity defined as the rate of change of the momentum of the
body that would be induced by that force acting alone. Since momentum is a
vector, the force has a direction associated with
 A force is also defined as a vector with magnitude and direction. The correct unit
for force expression is the Newton (N). But in orthodontics forces are expressed
normally in g
 This vector is graphically defined by an arrow, indicating the direction of the
force (bucco-lingual, mesio-distal, etc.) and the line of action, (where the force is
going), The force direction (from buccal to lingual, from mesial to distal, etc.)
 Mass and weight
 Mass : The quantity of mass can be measured by
 Weighting the particle
Center of gravity
Center of resistance (cres)

 Any force directed through the tooth's center of mass would cause the entire tooth
to move in the direction of the applied force.
 This type of tooth movement is termed translation or bodily movement in
orthodontics
The center of resistance depends upon
what are the factors that affecting the
center of resistance
 Root length and morphology
 Number of roots
 Level of alveolar bone support
the center of resistance during anterior
teeth retraction
 the center of resistance of 6 anterior teeth - + 7 mm apical
to the interproximal bone
 the center of resistance of 4 anterior teeth -+5 mm apical to
the interproximal bone
 the center of resistance of 2 anterior teeth -+3.5 mm apical
to the interproximal bone
Center of rotation (crot)

 It’s the point around which rotation actually occurs when an object is being
moved
 Depending upon the force system applied the center of rotation may vary
‫تزال‬
Moment

 Is product of force time the perpendicular distance from the point of the force
application and to the center of the resistance
 Moment = force × perpendicular distance from Cres to point of force application
 Measured by gm-mm
Moment can be symbolized by curved arrows
‫تزال‬
Moment of the force

 It’s the tendency of force to produce rotation

 The force is not acting through the Cres
 Its determined by multiplying the magnitude of force by the perpendicular
distance of the line of action to the center of resistance.
Type of tooth movement

 Tipping
 Translation
 Root movement
 Rotation
 Intrusion
 Extrusion
Tipping or Inclination

 Greater movement of crown of the tooth than of the root

 Where it has to be the center of rotation ?
 What are the types of tipping?
Uncontrolled tipping

 This type of inclination happens when the center of rotation is between the center
of resistance and the apex of the tooth
 Movement of the root apex and crown in opposite direction
Controlled tipping

 Movement the crown only

 Where it has to be the center of rotation ?
Translation or body movement
Root movement (torque)
Rotation
Couple
 A couple consists of two forces of equal magnitude, with parallel but noncolinear
lines of action and opposite senses
 Two forces equal in magnitude and opposite in direction produce couple
Moment of couple
Intrusion
Extrusion
Intopic canine
Open bite case