Deep Neural Network-based State

Estimator for Transmission System

Considering Practical
Implementation Challenges

Group: Ruby
Presented By:
Prajay Rajak
L20581592
Wajdan Ali
L20609493
M.S Hossain
L20568013
Adnan A Mohammed L20605384
Introduction
• Utilities use SCADA and PMUs for state estimation, but challenges like non-linearity
and low accuracy persist.
• The study on two U.S. utilities reveals PMU placement limitations.
• To address these problems, DeNSE, a Deep Neural network-based State Estimator, is
proposed which requires fewer PMUs and circumvents communication infrastructure
needs.
• DeNSE combines topology processor outputs and BDDC methodology to enhance state
estimation accuracy.
• It provides high-speed time-synchronized state estimation even with partial PMU
coverage.

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Bayesian Approach to TSSE
• Traditional PMU-only LSE solve least squares formulation problem which require full
visibility of the grid with expensive PMU devices.
• Bayesian framework handles the observability constraints effectively by formulating
minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimator.
• By directly minimizing the estimation error, any measurement noise is also eliminated.

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 Architecture of DeNSE
• DeNSE utilizes a feed-forward DNN with hidden layers, input-output mappings, and
activation functions.
• To improve the training accuracy of a DNN, the weights and biases are optimally tuned
through a process called backpropagation.
• DeNSE derives continuous functions from SCADA data and solves power flow to train
DNN, bypassing temporal differences and synchronization issues.
• By indirectly combining inferences from SCADA and PMU data, the problem of
temporal differences and synchronization issues is completely circumvented, and
reasonable errors in the SCADA data do not impair the performance of the DeNSE.

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Transfer Learning and BDDC
• Transfer learning provides a viable technique for updating the Deep Neural Network
(DNN) of the Time-Synchronized State Estimation (TSSE) system as the topology
changes.
• It uses previously learned models from similar issues to quickly adapt to new
system configurations while maintaining learning performance and accuracy.
• Fine-tuning is preferred for transfer learning in this scenario due to uncertainty
about the transferability of DNN parameters across different topologies.
• The updated DNN parameters are applied to the new topology, which is then
designated as the base topology to maintain consistency with the DeNSE system.

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• During online implementation, PMU data from the field often suffers from bad data,
which is different from measurement noise. A robust BDDC methodology is devised as
a precursor to this state estimator, which uses the Wald test to flag incoming
measurements as bad.

• The Wald test-based method for detecting incorrect data is compatible with the DeNSE
system’s high-speed requirements.

• A proposed faulty data rectification approach substitutes flagged features with OCs
similar to those from the testing dataset and outperforms mean value replacement.

• The Wald test is sensitive to parameter selection, a small value may result in bad data
being treated as good data, while a large value may result in extreme scenario data
being treated as bad data.

• The BDDC approach by suppressing Wald test results and directly entering raw PMU
values into the trained DeNSE DNN.

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 Implementation of DeNSE
• The DeNSE methodology includes both offline learning (distribution fitting, MC
sampling, and DNN training) and online implementation phases.
• The Offline phase trains DNN using real-world PMU locations as inputs and voltage
phasors as output.
• The online phase involves streaming PMU data passing through Wald test and
preprocessing before state estimates are produced using trained DNN.

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Results and Discussion
• DeNSE demonstrates effectiveness in IEEE 118-bus and 2000-bus Synthetic Texas
systems, outperforming conventional approaches.
• It handles measurement noise and topology changes efficiently while ensuring high-
speed and accurate state estimation.
• Transfer learning mitigates performance degradation post-topology changes, reducing
training time significantly.
• The impact of bad data and extreme scenarios is addressed through Wald test, NOC-
based BDDC, and extreme scenario filter.
• Optimal database size identified for robust performance.

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Conclusion
• DeNSE offers a Bayesian framework for high-speed time-synchronized state
estimation, overcoming PMU unobservability.
• It significantly reduces estimation errors with fewer PMUs, making it suitable for large
transmission systems like 2000-bus Synthetic Texas System.
• Transfer Learning and innovative bad data detection techniques enhance DeNSE's
adaptability and reliability.
• Overall, DeNSE offers a practical solution for high-speed, accurate state estimation in
power systems, bridging the gap between SCADA and PMU technologies.

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