STEEL- DAY 1

• http://www.steelconstruction.info/Design

• SteelConstruction.info
• The free encyclopedia for UK steel construction information
• The design process encompasses the architectural design, the
development of the structural concept , the analysis of the steel structure
and the verification of members. Steel solutions are lighter than their
concrete equivalents, with the opportunity to provide more column-free
flexible floor space, less foundations and a fast, safe construction
programme.
• For the designer, a steel solution means reliable materials, known material
and section properties, precise off-site manufacture and extensive support
including software, design guides and easy to use resistance tables.
•
• Contents • 4 Structural principles
• 1 Design process – 4.1 Variable actions
– 1.1 Steel design – 4.2 Analysis
• 2 Concept design – 4.3 Sensitivity to second-order effe
cts
• 3 Factors affecting choice of structura
l system
– 3.1 Stability systems • 5 Design Standards
• 3.1.1 Braced frames – 5.1 Building Regulations
• 3.1.2 Continuous frames – 5.2 BS 5950
• 3.1.3 Concrete or steel cores – 5.3 Eurocodes
– 3.2 Columns • 5.3.1 National Annexes
– 3.3 Floor systems • 5.3.2 NCCI
– 3.4 Foundations – 5.4 Basis of structural design
– 3.5 Integration of building services – 5.5 BS EN 1993-1 (Eurocode 3)
– 3.6 External envelope – 5.6 BS EN 1994 (Eurocode 4)
• 6 Common structural systems
– 6.1 Composite construction
– 6.2 Precast concrete units
– 6.3 Integrated floor solutions
– 6.4 Long-span beams
• 7 Trusses
• 8 Portal frames
• 9 Member design
• 10 Connections
– 10.1 Simple connections
– 10.2 Moment-resisting connections
• 11 Structural robustness
• 12 Specification of structural st
eelwork
– 12.1 BS EN 1090 Execution of s
teel structures
– 12.2 The National Structural St
eelwork Specification for Buildi
ng Construction (NSSS)
• 13 References
• 14 Further reading
• 15 Resources
• 16 See also
• 17 External links
• 18 CPD
• IS 800 (2007): General Construction In
Steel - Code of Practice

• Indian Standard DIMENSIONS FOR HOT ROLLED

STEEL BEAM, COLUMN, CHANNEL AND ANGLE
SECTIONS
– IS 808

• NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

PART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN SECTION 6
 Iron Vs Steel – Wrought iron vs cast iron
• iron is an element while steel is an alloy comprising of iron and
carbon.,
• if chromium is added to steel, stainless steel is the product

• cast iron -directly formed after the liquefied metal was poured
into a preformed molding container, giving the iron its shape
(after it has solidified). Has 2-4% carbon
• wrought iron, Repeatedly heating the material and constantly
pounded by some tools to give its desired shape. Has less carbon
• Wrought iron is more stable, pure and stronger, compared to
cast iron

• Wrought iron is best outdoors, whereas cast iron is a good

indoor decorative element. Both rusts , need to be painted or
powder coated
 History Iron before industrialization

• Iron has been produced in some form since prehistoric times.

• The traditional use of iron in architecture was principally as dowels, cramps or ties to
strengthen masonry structure- Structural reinforcements and decoration

• As early as the 6th century iron tie-bars had been incorporated in the main arcades of
Hagia Sophia 9537AD) in Instanbul.

• Mills and industrial buildings

• Composite construction=- Brick jack arches and iron columns acting in conjunction
with timber beams.
 History
• 13th century Indian "Konark
Sun Temple" used iron beams

• The first major iron structure in

Britain was a bridge at
Coalbrookdale that was
constructed between 1777 and
1781.

• The Crystal Palace was perhaps

the most significant iron-frame
building of the nineteenth
century - the age of iron 1851
iron structure
 FUNCTIONAL QUALITIES
• Architectural creativity and flexibility

Steel provides the flexibility needed to enable a building to evolve throughout its
working life.
The building can be initially designed in order to facilitate future evolutions
• Advantages
– High strength
– High ratio of strength to weight
– Excellent ductility (CAN BE MADE TO WIRE) and seismic
resistance
– Withstand extensive deformation without failure under
high tensile stress
– Ease of fabrication
– Large column free spaces
- Steel : green and recyclable
- Steel : fast-track construction least Public inconvenience
and nuisance during
– - Steel Structures : neighborhood friendly
– - Wood largely replaced by steel

 Steel : more freedom of expression

Dis Advantages
Susceptibility to corrosion
Maintenance cost
Loss of strength at elevated temp
Fire proofing cost
Susceptibility to buckling
 Uses
Long span structures (Airports & Seaports), Ware houses

• Office/Residential, Low Rise / High Rise

Towers

• Power & Telecommunication Towers

• Rural Housing
• Bridges & Flyovers rail/ Road
• Structures during
• Industrial plants Disaster Management
• Car Parks & Shopping Plazas • Deployable structure
• Sports, Medical & Entertainment
 World scenario
• In UK 80-90% single & multi-storey industrial
& commercial bldgs—steel framed.
• In Japan— 40% of all buildings are steel
intensive.
• In USA > 60% of bldgs – steel framed.
 Types of construction
• Conventional column , beam , truss Space frame construction
• Space frame construction
• Pre-engineered building
construction
• Portal frame construction
• Steel-concrete composite
construction
Pre engineered light steel buildings
• Pre engineered buildings are factory built buildings of steel that
are shipped to site and bolted together.

• Can be Small or big bldg units are constructed with light modular
steel framing

•Very popular in Japan, USA, Australia, UK

•Saving in construction time upto 40%;

•Typical applications -- domestic houses, hostels, hotels, superstores

petrol & gas stations, warehouses & factory sheds etc.
 Portal frame
• 3-dimensional structures.
• Provide larger column free
spaces /spans.
• Made of Universal columns or
lightweight hollow circular
rectangular or square sections or
built up section
• Used for construction of roofs of
: Auditoria ; convention halls;
passenger stations ; indoor and
outdoor stadia; exhibition halls ;
airport terminals; factory
buildings ; warehouses
 Construction
INTEGRATED PROCESS BIM
process
• Owner
• Architect- Function, Shape size structure interior exterior materials.
– Design and specifications
• Structural Engineer – determine forces in components of supporting
structure, sizing of elements to resist these forces and developing design
details of connections
• Contractor – responsible for construction as per the design and within the
time
• Services consultant – Electrical , HVAC
• Steel detailer –drawings for fabricator, should know the fabricators practices
and equipment, site and weight limitations of erector
• Fabricator- Cuts , punch rolls, drills, sometimes bolted welded to shipping
pieces (splice plate, connection angle, stiffner)
• Erector
• Inspector
 Steel design
• Three design theories
• Elastic design
– Traditional method
– Elastic up to yield point, Not to exceed permissible stress
• Plastic design
– Takes into account behavior of steel past yield point based on the load
which cause the structure to collapse
• Limit state design
– Takes into account all conditions which makes the structure unfit
– Based on actual behavior of materials and structures and is in
accordance with standard codes
• 3 concepts of Limit state design
– The structure should not over turn under applied loads and its members and joints should be strong enough to carry the forces
they are subjected
– Strength is calculated and past buckling behavior is taken into account
– Considered that loads and material strength vary , approximation used in design and imperfection in fabrication and erection
affect the strength in service
– When load is more or slenderness ratio is large
– Two or more sections are arranged to carry the load
Steel sections
 Hot rolling vs cold rollling
• Hot-rolling is a forging process in which
hot billets of steel are passed repeatedly
between profiled rollers to produce
straight elements which have particular
shapes and sizes of cross-section. .

• constant cross-section.

• The thickness of the metal is relatively

high and results in correspondingly high
load-carrying capacity
• Cold-formed sections

• Cold-formed sections are fabricated from thin sheet steel

(strip) by rolling or by folding (press braking), both of
which are types of forging.

• This allows more complex shapes of cross-section than

possible with hot-rolling process
• .
• The metal must be thin, so these are lighter sections with a
lower carrying capacity than hot-rolled equivalents.

• The capital cost of the equipment required to produce

these sections is less than that for hot-rolled products

• ranges which are readily available are much wider.

• common eg Z-purlins
 CLASSIFICATION
The beams are known by their profile :
• Beams Beam, column, channel and angle sections are
classified as follows:
• Channels
Beams
• Angles a) Indian Standard junior beams (ISJB)
b) Indian Standard light weight beams
• Flats (ISLB)
c) Indian Standard medium weight beams
• Hollow (ISMB)
d) Indian Standard wide flange beams
sections (ISWB)

Columns/Heavy Weight Beams

a) Indian Standard column sections (ISSC)
b) Indian Standard heavy weight beam
(ISHB)
 Steel table
Type Beam height Flange Web Flange Weight
width thickness thickness
ISMB 100 100 75 4.0 7.2 11.5

ISMB 450, where 450 is the

height (depth) of section in
millimetres (mm)
Beams ISJB JB
ISLB LB
ISMB MB
ISWB WB
Columns/heavy ISSC SC
beams
ISHB HB
Channels ISJC JC
ISLC LC
ISMC MC
ISMCP MCP
Angles ISA ∠

MB 200 — for a medium weight beam of depth 200 mm,

SC 200 — for a column section of depth 200 mm,
MC 200 — for medium weight channel of depth 200 mm, and
MCP 200 — for a medium weight parallel flange channel of depth 200 mm.
 Angles
a) Indian Standard equal leg angles (ISA)
b) Indian Standard unequal leg angles
(ISA)

• Equal and unequal leg angles shall be designated

by the abbreviated reference symbols ( ∠)
followed by the dimensions A, B and t.

• For example, 200 x100 × 10 represents unequal

leg angle of dimensions 200 mm, 100 mm and
thickness 10 mm.
 Steel Channels:
• Steel Channels:
• the categorization is mainly on the shape of the
channel,
• J channels: This kind of channel has two legs and a
web. One leg is longer. This channel resembles the
letter-J.
• • Hat channels: This channel has legs that are
folded in the outward direction resembling an old
fashioned man's hat.
• • U channels: This most common and basic channel
variety. It has a base known as a web and two
equal length legs.
• • C channels: In this channel tresemble the letter-C.
• • Hemmed channels: In this kind of channel the
top of the leg is folded hence forming double
thickness.
• There are other variations of channels that are
available, which are customized according to the
customer's needs.
 Steel Angle:

• most basic of roll-formed steel.

• most commonly found steel angles are
formed at a 90 degree angle
• has two legs of equal or unequal length.
• if one leg is longer than the other then
it is known as L angle.
• If the steel angle is something different
from 90 degrees then it is known as V
angle.
 Flats
• SFlats are actually thin strips of mild steel
having the thickness of the strip commonly
varying from 12mm to 10mm but thicker
flats than this are also available.
• . These plate products have a size variation
between 10mm to 200mm and the thin flat
rolled flat rolled product's size varies from
1 mm to 10 mm.

Hollow sections
 Steel sections- Revision
• Cold rolled and hot rolled, Standard and Nonstandard,

• UBs- Efficient in resisting Bending moment about major axis

• UCs- Efficient in resisting axial load with a high radius of gyration
about the minor axis to prevent buckling
• Channels- Used for beam, bracing , truss, and compound
members
• Angles- Two types- For bracing, truss members, purlins, side and
sheeting rails
• Structural tees – Used for truss , ties and light beams
• Hollow sections- Circular , square ,rectangular etc. Very efficient
compression members and are also used in roof trusses , lattice
girders, frames, purlins, etc
Columns - position orientation, splicing
Joists are basically a horizontal structural member that runs across an open space.
Their function is primarily the same as beams, except joists are generally supported by
beams sometimes by wall framing.
Joists are more in number and smaller in comparison to beam
Joists usually support a ceiling or floor.
Beams are for carry and distribute the structural load to posts/ stanchions/ columns and
to footing
Joists are technically beams that typically spans relatively short distances compared to
beams and are made of steel, wood, or engineered wood and may provide secondary
support