CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Miscellaneous
page no :313
 Test for salicylates

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Ferric Chloride test:

Few drops of 10%
Ferric Chloride Violet precipitate is Indicates presence
solution is added to formed of salicylates
2ml of given sample
in a test tube
 SALICYLATES
• Preparations:

– Salicylates are esters of salicylic acids eg: methyl salicylate (oil of

wintergreen) & sodium salicylate.

– Acetyl salicylic acid (Aspirin) as salicylate ester of organic acid.

– Aminosalicylates (sulfasalazine, olsalazine) contain

5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA) as an active moiety.

– Whitfield’s ointment (combination of 6% benzoic acid and 3% of

salicyclic acid) used to treat ring worm infection (dermatophytosis).

– Oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate 25% v/v) is used as

counterirritant.
 SALICYLIC ACID
• It is bacteriostatic, fungicidal & keratolytic.

• Applied externally for the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis,

acne & fungal disease.

• It causes painless destruction of epithelium & is applied as plaster

for the destruction of warts & corns.

• Its keratolytic property makes it useful in psoriasis.

• Prepartions: salicyclic acid ointment (2%), salicylic acid compound

dusting powder, salicylic acid ear drops & whitfield’s ointment.

 ASPIRIN

• It is acetylsalicylic acid. Oldest analgesic, antipyretic & anti-

inflammatory drug (irreversible inhibition of COX enzyme).

• At normal dose (0.3 to 0.6g) it acts as simple analgesic &

antipyretics.

• At high dose (3-5g) it act as anti-inflammatory drug.

• At low dose (75-150mg) it act as antiplatelet aggregatory drug

(inhibit thromboxin A2).

• Reye’s syndrome: Association of aspirin intake for viral infection

in children leads to serious hepatic mitochondrial injury &
metabolic encephalopathy. Hence avoid aspirin in <12yrs age pts.
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF SALICYLATE POISONING

• C/Fs: acid-base & electrolyte imbalance,

dehydration, hyperpyrexia, restlessness, vertigo,
tremor, respiratory alkalosis.

• Management:
– Hospitalization
– Activated charcoal 50g orally
– Correct hyperthermia, dehydration, hypokalemia & acid
base imbalance.
– Increase elimination by alkalinisation of urine & dialysis.
– Vitamin K, blood transfusion.
 ASPIRIN USES
• As analgesic
• As antipyretic
• Acute rheumatic fever
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Anti-platelet drug
• Osteoarthritis
• Post myocardial infarction & post stroke patients.
• Prophylaxis for secondary prevention of CVS
diseases.
 Test for Iodides

TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Mercuric Chloride test:

Taken 2ml of given Indicates presence of
sample solution in a Reddish Orange
Iodides
test tube to this 2 drops precipitate is formed
of Mercuric Chloride is
added

Starch solution test:

Take 3ml of given Indicates presence of
sample solution in a Dark Blue or dark black Iodides
test tube to this 2 drops colour is formed
of conc. HNO3 & 2ml of
Starch solution is added
 IODINE
• Preparations of iodine:
– Lugol’s iodine (5% iodine in 10% pot. Iodide solution).
– Sodium/potassium iodide.
– Iodinated salt
– Radio active Iodine(131I)
– Tincture iodine, povidone iodine (antiseptic)
– Iodinated contrast media.
– Mandl’s Paint: 0.31gm iodine, 0.62g of potassium
iodide with peppermint oil, water & 90% alcohol in
glycerin base.
 IODINE USES
• Most widely used antiseptic (bactericidal, sporicidal, fungicidal,
amoebicidal & viricidal).

• It stains the skin, is irritating & painful. Iodine ointment is used

as counterirritant.

• Iodine tincture used for disinfection of skin. Iodine crystals used

to sterilize water for drinking & water for soaking fresh
vegetables to disinfect them before consumption.

• Radioactive iodine is used for diagnosis & treatment of

thyrotoxicosis.
 IODINE USES
• Mandl’s paint is applied on mucous membranes to treat follicular
tonsillitis & pharyngitis.

• Unlike iodine, iodides have no antibacterial action.

• Povidone-iodine 5% (betadine): a complex of iodine with

polyvinyl pyrrolidone, used as antiseptic.

• Iodized salt (addition of sodium iodate) is used to treat endemic

goitre.

• Iodine & iodine salts (iodides) acts as anti-thyroid drugs by

inhibiting thyroid hormone release.
 RADIOACTIVE IODINE
• Advantage:
– Simple treatment, conveiently given on OPD basis.
– Inexpensive, no surgical risk, scar or injury to
parathyroid gland. Cure is permanent.

• Disadvantage:
– 5-10% pt suffers from permanent hypothyroidism.
– Long latent period of response.
– C/I in pregnancy & not suitable for young pts (not
given <25yrs age group pts.
 Test for Alkaloids
TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Mayer’s test:
Take 2ml of given sample
in a test tube to this 2
drops of Mayer’s reagent
is added
Indicates presence of
Milky white precipitate is Alkaloids
formed

Picric Acid test: yellowish white Indicates presence of

Take 2ml of given sample
precipitate is formed Alkaloids
in a test tube to this add 2
drops of Picric Acid

Tannic acid test:

Taken 2ml of given Brownish white Indicates presence of
sample in a test tube to precipitate is formed Alkaloids
this add 2 drops of Tannic
acid
 ALKALOIDS
• They are water soluble salts or water-insoluble
nitrogenous compounds, mainly of plant
source.

• Example are: Morphine, atropine, emetine,

vincristine (vinka alkaloids). Pilocarpine.
 ATROPINE USES
• As a mydriatics
• To treat OP compound poisoning.
• In pre-anaesthetic medication.
• As cardiac vagolytic.
• In parkinsonism (central anti-cholinergic).
• Its substitute is used as
– In bronchitis & COPD (ipratropium bromide)
– As vasicoselective (oxybutynin, tolterodine)
– As antispasmodic (dicyclomine).
– As motion sickness (dicyclomine).
 ALKALOID USES
• Pilocarpine is used as miotic in acute
congestive glaucoma.

• Vinca alkaloids are used as anti-cancer drugs.

• Morphine is used as opioid analgesics.

 Test for Glycosides
TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Molisch test:
Take 3ml of given sample in a
test tube to this add 2 drops of Violet coloured ring is Indicates presence of
Molisch reagent & then add formed Glycosides
conc. H2SO4 from side wall of
the test tube, drop by drop

Benedicts test :
Take 2ml of given sample in a Reddish orange colour Indicates presence of
test tube to this add 5ml of is formed Glycosides
Benedicts reagent and then heat
on the water bath or spirit lamp
Fehling test:
Take 2ml of given sample in a
Reddish orange colour
test tube to this add 1ml of Indicates presence of
Fehling reagent A & Fehling is formed Glycosides
reagent B and then heat on the
water bath or spirit lamp
 GLYCOSIDES
• Ether linkages of sugar with other organic
structures. Acid hydrolysis separates sugar from
non-sugar moiety (aglycone or genin).

• Sugar moiety has P/K property & non-sugar

moiety has pharmacological property.

• Examples of Glycosides are: cardiac glycosides

& senna.
 Cardiac glycosides
• Eg are: Digoxin & Digitoxin.
• MOA: it has inotropic action due to blockage
of Na-K- ATPase channel, there by increasing
intracellular Ca level.
• Uses:
– In CHF
– Used in AF & AFl
– Used in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
(PSVT).
 ADVERSE EFFECTS
• Extracardiac: GI upset, fatigue, malaise, headache,
mental confusion, disorientation, psychosis &
visual disturbances,
• Cardiac: almost every type of arrhythmia (pulsus
bigeminus, nodal & ventricular extrasystoles,
ventricular tachycardia & fibrillation, AV block).
• Treatment:
– Infuse KCl 20m.mol/hr iv or give orally & digoxin fab
antibody.
– For ventricular arrhythmias: lidocaine
– For supraventricular arrhythmias: propranolol
– For AV block: Atropine.