6.4 Rhombuses

Geometry CCSS: G.CO 11.
PROVE theorems about parallelograms. Theorems INCLUDE:

opposite sides ARE congruent, opposite angles ARE congruent,
the diagonals of a parallelogram BISECT each other, and
conversely, rectangles ARE parallelograms with congruent
diagonals.
 What are the properties of different
quadrilaterals? How do we use the formulas
of areas of different quadrilaterals to solve
real-life problems?
 Now a little review:

UDE: opposite sides ARE congruent, opposite angles ARE congruent, the diagonals of a parallelogram BISECT each other, and converse
 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

 2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
 3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of
others.
 4. Model with mathematics.
 5. Use appropriate tools strategically.
 6. Attend to precision.
 7. Look for and make use of structure.
 8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.
60 120
120
6 6
50°
130°
Test your prior knowledge and try to fill in the chart
with properties of the following quadrilaterals:
Rectangle Rhombus Square
Properties Properties Properties

 Use properties of sides and angles of
rhombuses, rectangles, and squares.
 Use properties of diagonals of rhombuses,
rectangles and squares.
 What are properties of sides and angles of
rhombuses, rectangles, and squares?
 In this lesson, you will study three special
types of parallelograms: rhombuses,
rectangles and squares.
A rectangle is a parallelogram
with four right angles.
A rhombus is a parallelogram
with four congruent sides A square is a parallelogram with
four congruent sides and four right
angles.
 Each shape has the properties of every group that it
belongs to. For instance, a square is a rectangle, a
rhombus and a parallelogram; so it has all of the
properties of those shapes.
parallelograms
rhombuses rectangles
squares
Rhombuses Rectangles
Some examples of a rhombus
 Decide whether the statement is always, sometimes, or never true.
a. A rhombus is a rectangle.
b. A parallelogram is a rectangle.
parallelograms
squares
a. A rhombus is a rectangle.
The statement is sometimes true. In the Venn diagram, the regions for
rhombuses and rectangles overlap. IF the rhombus is a square, it is a
rectangle.
parallelograms
squares
b. A parallelogram is a rectangle.
The statement is sometimes true. Some parallelograms are rectangles. In the
Venn diagram, you can see that some of the shapes in the parallelogram box
are in the area for rectangles, but many aren’t.
parallelograms
squares
 ABCD is a rectangle. What  Because ABCD is a rectangle,
else do you know about it has four right angles by
ABCD? definition. The definition also
states that rectangles are
parallelograms, so ABCD has
all the properties of a
parallelogram:
• Opposite sides are parallel and
congruent.
• Opposite angles are congruent
and consecutive angles are
supplementary.
• Diagonals bisect each other.
 A rectangle is defined as a parallelogram with four right
angles. But any quadrilateral with four right angles is a
rectangle because any quadrilateral with four right angles
is a parallelogram.
 Corollaries about special quadrilaterals:
• Rhombus Corollary: A quadrilateral is a rhombus if and only if
it has four congruent sides.
• Rectangle Corollary: A quadrilateral is a rectangle if and only if
it has four right angles.
• Square Corollary: A quadrilateral is a square if and only if it is a
rhombus and a rectangle.
• You can use these to prove that a quadrilateral is a rhombus,
rectangle or square without proving first that the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
Characteristics Parallelogram Rectangle Rhombus Square
Both pairs of opposite sides parallel
Diagonals are congruent
Both pairs of opposite sides congruent
At least one right angle
Both pairs of opposite angles congruent
Exactly one pair of opposite sides parallel
Diagonals are perpendicular
All sides are congruent
Consecutive angles congruent
Diagonals bisect each other
Diagonals bisect opposite angles
Consecutive angles supplementary

P Q
 In the diagram at the right,
PQRS is a rhombus. What
is the value of y?
2y + 3
5y - 6 R
S
All four sides of a rhombus are ≅, so RS = PS.

5y – 6 = 2y + 3 Equate lengths of ≅ sides.
5y = 2y + 9 Add 6 to each side.
3y = 9 Subtract 2y from each side.
y=3 Divide each side by 3.
 The following theorems B
C
are about diagonals of
rhombuses and rectangles.
 Theorem 6.11: A
parallelogram is a
rhombus if and only if its
diagonals are
perpendicular.
 ABCD is a rhombus if and
only if AC BD. A
D
 Theorem 6.12: A
B
parallelogram is a C
rhombus if and only if

each diagonal bisects a
pair of opposite angles.
 ABCD is a rhombus if and
only if AC bisects DAB
and BCD and BD
bisects ADC and
CBA. A
D
A B
 Theorem 6.13: A
parallelogram is a
rectangle if and only if its
diagonals are congruent.
 ABCD is a rectangle if
and only if AC ≅ BD. D C
 You can rewrite Theorem 6.11 as a conditional
statement and its converse.
 Conditional statement: If the diagonals of a
parallelogram are perpendicular, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus.
 Converse: If a parallelogram is a rhombus,
then its diagonals are perpendicular.
A B
C
Statements: Reasons: D
1. ABCD is a rhombus 1. Given

2. AB ≅ CB
3. AX ≅ CX
4. BX ≅ DX
5. ∆AXB ≅ ∆CXB
6. AXB ≅ CXB
7. AC  BD
A B
C
D
Statements: Reasons:
2. AB ≅ CB 2. Given
3. AX ≅ CX
4. BX ≅ DX
7. AC  BD
A B
C
D
3. AX ≅ CX 3. Def. of . Diagonals
4. BX ≅ DX bisect each other.
7. AC  BD
A B
C
D
5. ∆AXB ≅ ∆CXB 4. Def. of . Diagonals
6. AXB ≅ CXB bisect each other.
7. AC  BD
A B
C
D
7. AC  BD 5. SSS congruence post.
A B
C
D
6. CPCTC
A B
C
D
3. AX ≅ CX 3. Def. of . Diagonals bisect
4. BX ≅ DX each other.
5. ∆AXB ≅ ∆CXB 4. Def. of . Diagonals bisect
6. AXB ≅ CXB each other.
6. CPCTC
7. Congruent Adjacent s
 Assign coordinates. Because
AC BD, place ABCD in the A(0, a)
coordinate plane so AC and BD
lie on the axes and their
intersection is at the origin. D(- b, 0)
 Let (0, a) be the coordinates of
A, and let (b, 0) be the B(b, 0)
coordinates of B.
 Because ABCD is a
parallelogram, the diagonals C(0, - a)
bisect each other and OA = OC.
So, the coordinates of C are (0,
- a). Similarly the coordinates
of D are (- b, 0).
 Find the lengths of the sides
A(0, a)
of ABCD. Use the distance
formula (See – you’re never
going to get rid of this) D(- b, 0)
AB=√(b – 0)2 + (0 – a)2 = √b2 + a2 B(b, 0)

 BC= √(0 - b)2 + (– a - 0)2 = √b2 + a2
C(0, - a)
 CD= √(- b – 0)2 + [0 - (– a)]2 = √b2 + a2
 DA= √[(0 – (- b)]2 + (a – 0)2 = √b2 + a2

All the side lengths are equal,
so ABCD is a rhombus.
4 feet
 CARPENTRY. You are
building a rectangular frame
for a theater set.
a. First, you nail four pieces of
wood together as shown at
the right. What is the shape 6 feet 6 feet
of the frame?
b. To make sure the frame is a
rectangle, you measure the
diagonals. One is 7 feet 4
inches. The other is 7 feet 2
inches. Is the frame a
rectangle? Explain. 4 feet
4 feet
a. First, you nail four

pieces of wood together
as shown at the right.
What is the shape of the
frame? 6 feet 6 feet
Opposite sides are

congruent, so the frame
is a parallelogram.
4 feet
4 feet
b. To make sure the frame

is a rectangle, you
measure the diagonals.
One is 7 feet 4 inches.
The other is 7 feet 2
6 feet
inches. Is the frame a 6 feet
rectangle? Explain.
The parallelogram is NOT a
rectangle. If it were a
rectangle, the diagonals
would be congruent.
4 feet
You’ve just had a new door installed, but it
doesn’t seem to fit into the door jamb
properly. What could you do to determine if
your new door is rectangular?
1. Take out a piece
of notebook paper
and make a hot
dog fold over from
the right side over
to the pink line.
The fold crease
2. Now, divide the right

hand section into 5
sections by drawing 4
evenly spaced lines.
3. Use scissors to cut

along your drawn line,
but ONLY to the crease!
The fold
crease
4. Write
QUADRILATERALS
down the left hand
side
The fold
crease
5. Fold over the top
cut section and write
PARALLELOGRAM
on the outside.
6. Reopen the fold.
7. On the left hand 1. Opposite angles are congruent.
2. Consecutive angles are
section, draw a supplementary.

3. Opposite sides are congruent.
parallelogram.
4. Diagonals bisect each other.
5. Opposite sides are parallel
8. On the right hand

side, list all of the
properties of a
parallelogram.
* Fold over the 1. Opposite angles are congruent.
supplementary.
second cut section 3. Opposite sides are congruent.

and write 5. Opposite sides are parallel
RECTANGLE on the
outside.
* Reopen the fold.
* On the left hand 1. Opposite angles are congruent.

rectangle.
1. Special parallelogram.
* On the right hand 2. Has 4 right angles

3. Diagonals are congruent.

properties of a
rectangle.
* Fold over the third 1. Opposite angles are congruent.
cut section and write supplementary.

RHOMBUS on the
outside. 1. Special parallelogram.

2. Has 4 right angles
* Reopen the fold.


rhombus.


properties of a
1. Special Parallelogram
2. Has 4 Congruent sides
rhombus.
3. Diagonals are perpendicular.
4. Diagonals bisect opposite angles
* Fold over the third 1. Opposite angles are congruent.
cut section and write supplementary.

SQUARE on the
outside. 1. Special parallelogram.

2. Has 4 right angles
* Reopen the fold.


square.


properties of a
square.
* Place in your
1. All the properties of parallelogram,
rectangle, and rhombus
2. 4 congruent sides and 4 right
notebook and save angles
for tomorrow.
Name the figure described.
1. A quadrilateral that is both a rhombus and a

rectangle.
2. A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of
parallel sides.
3. A parallelogram with perpendicular
diagonals
 What are the properties of different
quadrilaterals? How do we use the formulas
of areas of different quadrilaterals to solve
real-life problems?
 What are some properties of trapezoids and
kits?
 Use properties of trapezoids.
 Use properties of kites.
 A trapezoid is a quadrilateral
with exactly one pair of A base
B
parallel sides. The parallel
sides are the bases. A
trapezoid has two pairs of leg
leg
base angles. For instance in
trapezoid ABCD D and
C are one pair of base D base C
angles. The other pair is A
and B. The nonparallel
sides are the legs of the
trapezoid.
 If the legs of a trapezoid
are congruent, then the
trapezoid is an isosceles
trapezoid.
Theorem 6.14
A B
 If a trapezoid is
isosceles, then each pair

of base angles is
congruent.
 A ≅ B, C ≅ D D C
Theorem 6.15
A B
 If a trapezoid has a pair
of congruent base
angles, then it is an
isosceles trapezoid.
 ABCD is an isosceles
D C
trapezoid
Theorem 6.16 A
 A trapezoid is isosceles B
if and only if its

diagonals are congruent.
 ABCD is isosceles if
and only if AC ≅ BD. D C

 The midsegment of a
trapezoid is the segment B C
that connects the
midpoints of its legs. midsegment
Theorem 6.17 is similar
to the Midsegment
Theorem for triangles. A D
 The midsegment of a B C
trapezoid is parallel to
each base and its length M N
is one half the sums of
the lengths of the bases.
A D
 MN║AD, MN║BC
 MN = ½ (AD + BC)
 LAYER CAKE A baker
is making a cake like the
one at the right. The top
layer has a diameter of 8
inches and the bottom
layer has a diameter of
20 inches. How big
should the middle layer
be?
E F
 Use the midsegment
theorem for trapezoids.
D G
 DG = ½(EF + CH)=
½ (8 + 20) = 14”
C D
 A kite is a quadrilateral
that has two pairs of
consecutive congruent
sides, but opposite sides
are not congruent.
Theorem 6.18 C
 If a quadrilateral is a
kite, then its diagonals

are perpendicular. B
D
 AC  BD
A
Theorem 6.19
C
 If a quadrilateral is a
kite, then exactly one

pair of opposite angles Bis
congruent. D
 A ≅ C, B ≅ D
A
 WXYZ is a kite so the X
diagonals are
perpendicular. You can 12
use the Pythagorean 20
Theorem to find the sideW U 12
Y
lengths. 12
 WX = √202 + 122 ≈ 23.32
 XY = √122 + 122 ≈ 16.97
 Because WXYZ is a kite, WZ =
WX ≈ 23.32, and ZY = XY ≈ Z
16.97
J
 Find mG and mJ
in the diagram at the H 132° 60° K
right.
SOLUTION:
GHJK is a kite, so G ≅ J and mGG = mJ.
2(mG) + 132° + 60° = 360°Sum of measures of int. s of a quad. is 360°
2(mG) = 168°Simplify
mG = 84° Divide each side by 2.
So, mJ = mG = 84°
Quadrilaterals
4-sided polygons
Trapezoids Parallelograms Kites

1. one pair of opposite  sides 1. 2 pairs of opposite  sides 1. two pairs of
2. 2 pairs of opposite  sides consecutive  sides
2. midsegment parallel to both bases 3. 2 pairs of opposite  angles 2. diagonals are 
and average length of the bases 4. consecutive angles are supplementary
5. diagonals bisect each other 3. one pair of opposite
 angles
Isosceles Trapezoids Rhombus Rectangle

1. legs are congruent 1. 4  sides 1. 4 right angles
2. base angles are congruent 2. diagonals are 

2. diagonals are congruent
3. diagonals are congruent 3. diagonals bisect a pair of
opposite angles
Square
1. combination of rectangle and rhombus

Geometry
UDE: opposite sides ARE congruent, opposite angles ARE congruent, the diagonals of a parallelogram BISECT each other, and converse
 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

 2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
 3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of
others.
 4. Model with mathematics.
 5. Use appropriate tools strategically.
 6. Attend to precision.
 7. Look for and make use of structure.
 8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.
PROVE theorems about parallelograms. Theorems
INCLUDE: opposite sides ARE congruent, opposite angles
ARE congruent, the diagonals of a parallelogram BISECT
each other, and conversely, rectangles ARE parallelograms
with congruent diagonals.
 Name the figure:
 1. a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of
opposite angles congruent and perpendicular
diagonals
 2. a quadrilateral that is both a rhombus and a
rectangle
 3. a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of ll
sides.
 4. any ll’ogram with perpendicular diagonals.
 Identify special quadrilaterals based on limited
information.
 Prove that a quadrilateral is a special type of
quadrilateral, such as a rhombus or trapezoid.
 How do we simplify real life tasks, checking if
an object is rectangular, rhombus, trapezoid,
kite or other quadrilateral?
Quadrilateral
 In this chapter, you have studied
the seven special types of Trapezoid
Kite Parallelogram
quadrilaterals shown at the
right. Notice that each shape Rhombus Rectangle Isosceles
has all the properties of the trapezoid
shapes linked above it. For Square
instance, squares have the
properties of rhombuses,
rectangles, parallelograms, and
quadrilaterals.
 Quadrilateral ABCD has at least one pair of
opposite sides congruent. What kinds of
quadrilaterals meet this condition?
Parallelogram Rhombus
Opposites
sides are ≅.
All sides are

Opposite sides
congruent.
are congruent.
Legs are
All sides are congruent.
congruent.
A
 When you join the F
midpoints of the sides E
of any quadrilateral, B
what special D
quadrilateral is G
H
formed? Why?
C
 Solution: Let E, F, G, and H be A
the midpoints of the sides of any F
quadrilateral, ABCD as shown. E
 If you draw AC, the B
Midsegment Theorem for D
triangles says that FG║AC and G
EG║AC, so FG║EH. Similar H
reasoning shows that EF║HG. C
 So by definition, EFGH is a
parallelogram.
 When you want to prove that a quadrilateral
has a specific shape, you can use either the
definition of the shape as in example 2 or you
can use a theorem.
You have learned 3 ways to prove that a quadrilateral is a rhombus.
 You can use the definition and show that the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram that has four congruent sides. It is easier, however, to
use the Rhombus Corollary and simply show that all four sides of the
quadrilateral are congruent.
 Show that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram and that the diagonals
are perpendicular (Thm. 6.11)
 Show that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram and that each diagonal
bisects a pair of opposite angles. (Thm 6.12)
8
K(2, 5)N(6, 3) = 4.47 cm

 Show KLMN is a rhombus M(2, 1)N(6, 3) = 4.47 cm
 Solution: You can use any of the
three ways described in the concept L(-2, 3)M(2, 1) = 4.47 cm
6
L(-2, 3)K(2, 5) = 4.47 cm
summary above. For instance, you
K(2, 5)
could show that opposite sides have
the same slope and that the diagonals
are perpendicular. Another way 4
shown in the next slide is to prove thatL(-2, 3)
all four sides have the same length. N(6, 3)
 AHA – DISTANCE FORMULA If
you want, look on pg. 365 for the 2
whole explanation of the distance

formula
 So, because LM=NK=MN=KL, M(2, 1)
KLMN is a rhombus. 5
-2
A
60° D
 What type of quadrilateral is 120°
ABCD? Explain your
120°
reasoning. C
60°
B
A
60° D
 What type of quadrilateral is ABCD? 120°
Explain your reasoning.
120°
C
 Solution: A and D are
supplementary, but A and B are
not. So, AB║DC, but AD is not
parallel to BC. By definition, ABCD
is a trapezoid. Because base angles
are congruent, ABCD is an isosceles 60°
trapezoid B
 The diagonals of quadrilateral ABCD intersect at point N
to produce four congruent segments: AN ≅ BN ≅ CN ≅
DN. What type of quadrilateral is ABCD? Prove that
your answer is correct.
 First Step: Draw a diagram. Draw the diagonals as
described. Then connect the endpoints to draw
quadrilateral ABCD.
B
 First Step: Draw a diagram. C

Draw the diagonals as described.
Then connect the endpoints to
draw quadrilateral ABCD. N
 2nd Step: Make a conjecture: A
• Quadrilateral ABCD looks like a
rectangle.
D
 3 step: Prove your conjecture
rd
• Given: AN ≅ BN ≅ CN ≅ DN
• Prove ABCD is a rectangle.
 Because you are given information about diagonals, show that
ABCD is a parallelogram with congruent diagonals.
 First prove that ABCD is a parallelogram.
• Because BN ≅ DN and AN ≅ CN, BD and AC bisect each other.
Because the diagonals of ABCD bisect each other, ABCD is a
parallelogram.
 Then prove that the diagonals of ABCD are congruent.
• From the given you can write BN = AN and DN = CN so, by the
addition property of Equality, BN + DN = AN + CN. By the
Segment Addition Postulate, BD = BN + DN and AC = AN + CN
so, by substitution, BD = AC.
• So, BD ≅ AC.
ABCD is a parallelogram with congruent diagonals, so ABCD is
a rectangle.

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Geometry CCSS: G.CO 11.

PROVE theorems about parallelograms. Theorems INCLUDE:

 Now a little review:

 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Rectangle Rhombus Square

Properties Properties Properties

Diagonals are congruent

Both pairs of opposite sides congruent

At least one right angle

Both pairs of opposite angles congruent

Exactly one pair of opposite sides parallel

Diagonals are perpendicular

All sides are congruent

Consecutive angles congruent

Diagonals bisect each other

Diagonals bisect opposite angles

Consecutive angles supplementary

All four sides of a rhombus are ≅, so RS = PS.

rhombus if and only if

1. ABCD is a rhombus 1. Given

AB=√(b – 0)2 + (0 – a)2 = √b2 + a2 B(b, 0)

 DA= √[(0 – (- b)]2 + (a – 0)2 = √b2 + a2

a. First, you nail four

Opposite sides are

b. To make sure the frame

2. Now, divide the right

3. Use scissors to cut

section, draw a supplementary.

8. On the right hand

second cut section 3. Opposite sides are congruent.

and write 5. Opposite sides are parallel

section, draw a supplementary.

* On the right hand 2. Has 4 right angles

side, list all of the

cut section and write supplementary.

outside. 1. Special parallelogram.

* Reopen the fold.

section, draw a supplementary.

* On the right hand 2. Has 4 right angles

side, list all of the

cut section and write supplementary.

outside. 1. Special parallelogram.

* Reopen the fold.

section, draw a supplementary.

* On the right hand 2. Has 4 right angles

side, list all of the

notebook and save angles

1. A quadrilateral that is both a rhombus and a

isosceles, then each pair

if and only if its

and only if AC ≅ BD. D C

kite, then its diagonals

kite, then exactly one

Trapezoids Parallelograms Kites

Isosceles Trapezoids Rhombus Rectangle

2. base angles are congruent 2. diagonals are 

1. combination of rectangle and rhombus

 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

All sides are