DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SUBJECT CODE: EET 04212

SUBJECT NAME: DC MACHINE
CLASS : OD23ERE
LECTURE NAME: NICKSON MWASHA
TASK: GROUP ASSIGNMENT
GROUP NUMBER: 01
GROUP MEMBERS
NO NAMES RREGSTRATION NUMBER

01 MATIKO WAMBURA JOHN 23032396321

02 PRINCE SHIRIMA ELISAMEHE 23032301743
03 DAVID TIKO MUHULILA 23032309803
04 FARIDA.M. LANYA 23032322780
05 TAWIEL CHEDIEL 23032324745
06 THOMAS MARSELIN MLELWA 230424466373
01. DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE
• The definition of dc motors.
Dc motor simply this are machine that convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy. Electric motors are used in fans, automobiles, washing machines, etc.
• Principle of the dc motor.
when ever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experience a
force. When a current carrying conductor is placed over a magnetic field, there will
be an interaction between the magnetic field created by the current carrying
conductor and the magnetic field of which it is being placed upon, which will cause
the conductor to move,
The direction of the conductor is given by Flemings left-hand rule
02. WORKING OF DC MOTOR
-The working principle of motor are supplied with current from the supply main,
and experience a force which tend to rotate the armature .The armature conductor
under N-pole are assumed to carry current down ward (crosses) and under S-pole
to carry current upward(dots) by applying Flemings left hand rule, the direction of
the force on each conductor can be found.
-It is shown by small arrow placed above each other conductor. It will be seen that
each conductor can be found and also each conductor it ill experience force which
rotate the armature is anti-clock wise direction and hence force produces driving
torque which set the armature rotating.
NB: The function of accumulator in the motor is the same as in generator by
reversing current in each conductor passes from one pole to another also help to
develop a continuous and unidirectional torque.
03. BACK COUNTER E.M.F
• In a dc motor when the armature rotates the conductor on it cut the lines of the
force of magnetic field in which they revolve so that an emf is induced in the
armature as generator the induced emf is acts in opposition to the current in
machine, therefore to the applied voltage so that is customaly refer to the voltage
as “back emf” these can be induced by lenzs law which state that, the direction of
the change causing it which is of course the applied voltage.
• The magnitude of the back or counter emf can be calculated emf can be
calculated by using the formular of induced emf in generator and its importance
in the case of the motor to appreciate that this proportional to the product of the
flux and the speed.
=K
Where, k is number depending on nature of armature winding.
NB;
The value of back emf () is always less than then applied voltage although
difference in small when machine is running under normal conditions
It is the difference between these two quantises which actually drives current
through the resistance of armature
V+
04. SIGNIFICANCE OF BACK E.M.F
• The presence of back emf makes the dc motor as a self regulating machine these
is because it makes the motor to draw much armature current and develop the
torque required by the load.

• When motor is running on no load, small torque is required to overcome the

friction and … losses. Therefore is small and Vt
If the motor is suddenly loaded, the first effect is to cause the armature to slow
down.
Therefore, the speed at which the armature conductors move through the field is
reduced and hence the back emf falls.
The decreased back emf allows a larger current to flow through the armature and
larger current means increased driving torque.
Thus, the driving torque increases as the motor slows down.
The motor will stop slowing down when the armature current is just sufficient to
produce the increased torque required by the load.
If the load on the motor is decreased, the driving torque is momentarily in excess
of the requirement so that armature is accelerated.
As the armature speed increases, the back emf also increases and causes the
armature current to decrease.
The motor will stop accelerating when the armature current is just sufficient to
produce the reduced torque required by the load.
05. VOLTAGE EQUETION OF DC MOTOR
Consider the circuit diagram of a dc motor below

Let in the diagram

V=applied voltage
=back e.m.f
= armature resistance
 = armature current
Since back emf () act in opposite to the applied voltage
=
OR V= + ……………………………………(1)
This is known as voltage equation of the dc motor.
06. POWER EQUETION
• From the equations above is multiplied through out.
V= +
= +( )
V= +
This is known as power equation for dc motor
V…….electric power supplied to armature (INPUT)
…….power developed by armature (ARMATURE OUTPUT)
….…electric power wasted in (ARMATURE COPPER LESS)
07. CONDITIONS FOR MAXIMUM POWER
The mechanical power developed by the motor is
=
Now = V
For V and are fixed power developed by the motor depends upon armature
current. For mximum power should be zero.
=V-2 =0
OR =

Now, v= + = +

Hence mechanical power developed by the motor is maximum when back e.m.f. is
equal to half the applied voltage.
08. LIMITATIONS
• In practice, we never aim at achieving maximum power due to the following
reasons:
I. The armature current under this condition is very large—much excess of rated
current of the machine.
II. Half of the input power is wasted in the armature circuit. In fact, if we take into
account other losses (iron and mechanical), the efficiency will be well below
50%
09. TYPES OF DC MOTOR
• There are three types of d.c motor related to their connection of field winding.
1) Shunt-wound motor.
-is the type of field winding which is connected in parallel armature.
-The current through the shunt field winding is not the same as armature current.
-shunt field current is relatively small compared with armature current.
2) Series- wound motor.
-The field winding are connected in series with the armature.
-Series field winding carries the armature current.
-The current passing through a series field winding is the same as the armature
current.
-Series field winding has relatively small number of turn of thick wire and there
fore ill posses a low resistance.
• 3) Compound – wound motor
-These has two field winding, one connected in parallel with armature and the
other in series with it.
NB: There are two types of compound motor
A) Short shunt connection
-when shunt field winding is directly connected across the armature terminals.
B) Long shunt connection.
-When the shunt winding is to connected that it shunts the series combination of
armature and series field.
10. ARMATURE TORQUE OF DC MOTOR
• TORQUE
Torque is the turning moment of a force about an axis and is measured by the product of
force (F) and radius (r) at right angle to which the force acts
T=F×r
Let in a dc motor
r = average radius of armature in m
= effective length of each conductor in m
Z = total number of armature conductors
A = number of parallel paths
i = current in each conductor = /A
B = average flux density in Wb/m2
ɸ= flux per pole in Wb
P = number of poles
Torque due to one conductor = F × r newton- metre
Total armature torque, = Z B i r
i=, B= , a=

= Z ×( )× () × × r
= Z ×× () × × r =
Or =0.159()N.m
Since Z, P, and A are fixed for a given machine,

For a shunt motor, flux is practically constant

For a series motor flux is directly proportional to armature current provided

magnetic saturation does not take place.
11. SHAFT TORQUE
• Shaft torque is the torque which is available at the shaft for doing useful work
The total or gross torque developed in the armature of a motor is not available at
the shaft because a part of it is lost in overcoming the iron and frictional losses in
the motor. Therefore, shaft torque is somewhat less than the armature torque
The difference Ta - Tsh is called lost torque
12. BRAKE HORSE POWER
• The horse power developed by the shaft torque is known as brake horsepower
(B.H.P.). If the motor is running at N r.p.m and the shaft torque is newton metres,
then,
W.D./revolution=force × distance moved in 1 revolution
=F × 2= 2 ×J
W.D./minute=2J
W.D./sec.= or watts=H.P.
Useful output power =
13. SPEED OF DC MOTOR
• From the voltage equation of motor
V= +
V-
= V-
N=×
But V- =
Or N=K
Where k=
The equation shows that the speed is directly proportional to back emf and
inversely to the flux.
• For series motor:
Let = speed in the first case,
= armature current in the first case and
= flux in the first case
, and = corresponding quantities in the second case.
Using the above relation ( ie N), we get,

Where V-
And V-
= …………………………
Prior to saturation of pole :
ɸ
= …………………………
• For shunt motor:
Applying the same equation in this case also we get
=

if =

= ……………………………….
14. SPEED RELATIONS
• If a dc motor has initial values of speed, flux per pole and back e.m.f. as
respectively and the corresponding final values are, , ,and then,
and
=
(i) For a shunt motor, flux practically remains constant so that = .
=
(ii) (ii) For a series motor, ɸ prior to saturation.
=

= initial armature current

= final armature current
15. SPEED REGULATION
• The speed regulation of a motor
Is the change in speed from full-load to no-loud and is expressed as a percentage of
the speed at full-load i.e.
%Speed regulation= 100
100
where = No - load .speed
N = Full - load speed
16. ARMATURE REACTION IN DC MOTOR
• This is expected because when current flows through armature conductors of dc
motor, it produces armature flux which lets on the flux produced by the main poles.
For a motor with the same polarity and direction and rotation, direction of armature
reaction is reversed.
By using commutating poles a dc machine can be operated with fixed brush positions
for all conditions of load. Since commutating poles winding carry the armature current,
then when a machine changes from generator to motor with consequent reversal of
current, the polarities of commutating poles must be of opposite site.
• In a motor armature current flows against direction of induced emf but in a generator
flows in direction of induced emf. In dc motor the commutating poles must have the
same polarity, as the main poles directly back of them. This is opposite of
corresponding relation of dc generator.
In dc motor when current flows through the armature conductors of a dc motor,it
produces flux which lets on the flux produced by the main poles, for a motor with the
same polarity and direction of rotation, the direction of armature reaction field is
17. COMMUTATION IN DC MOTOR
• Commutation means the process of current collection by the brush or the brush
or the changes which Takes place in a coil during the period of short circuit by a
brush
In this case the current flows away from the observers in conductors under N-pole
and towards observer in the conductor under S-pole. Therefore when a conductor
moves from influence of N-pole to that of S-pole, direction of current in conductor
must be reversed.
If a motor does not have commutating poles, the brushes must be given lead as
they must shifted from G.N.A against direction of motor
By using interpoles, commutating poles must have the same polarity as the main
poles directly back of them.
The function of the commutator and the brush gear in a d.c motor is to cause the
reversal of current in a conductor as it moves from one side of a brush to the other.
18. LOSSES IN DC MOTOR
• Losses in a dc motor are
(i) copper losses (n) Iron losses or magnetic losses
(ii) mechanical losses
As in a motor, these losses cause some problems such as
(a) an increase of machine temperature and
(b) reduction in the efficiency of the dc motor.
The following points may be noted:
(iii) Apart from armature Cu loss, field Cu loss and brush contact loss, Cu losses also occur in interpoles
(commutating poles) and compensating windings. Since these windings carry armature current
Loss in interpole winding = Resistance of interpole winding
Loss in compensating winding = Resistance of compensating winding
(iv) Since dc machines (generators or motors) are generally operated at constant flux density and
constant speed, the iron losses are nearly constant.
(v) The mechanical losses (i.e. friction and windage) vary as the cube of the speed of rotation of the dc
machine (generator or motor). Since dc machines are generally operated at constant speed,
mechanical losses are considered to be constant
19. EFFICIENCY IN A DC MOTOR
• Efficiency in dc motor is the ratio ogf output power to the input power and gives
as
Efficiency (Ƞ)= × 100%
=× 100%

Efficiency for doing work of dc motor will be maximum when variable losses equal
to constant losses and they are similar to that of d.c generator.
20. POWER STAGES
• The power stages in a dc motor are represented diagrammatically in
A - B = Copper losses
B - C = Iron and friction losses

Overall efficiency,= C/A

Electrical efficiency, = B/A
Mechanical efficiency, = C/B
21. APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTOR
Shunt motors
The characteristics of a shunt motor reveal that it is an approximately constant
speed motor. It is, therefore, used
(i) where the speed is required to remain almost constant from no-load to full-load
(ii) where the load has 10 be driven at a number of speeds and any one of which is
required to remain nearly constant
Industrial use: Lathes, drills, boring mills, shapers, spinning and weaving machines
etc.
2. Series motors
It is a variable speed motor i.e., speed is low at high torque and vice-versa.
However, at light or no-load, the motor tends to attain dangerously high speed. The
motor has a high starting torque. It is, therefore, used
(iii) where large starting torque is required e.g., in elevators and electric traction ×Ï
(i) where the load is subjected to heavy fluctuations and the speed is
automatically required to reduce at high torques and vice-versa
Industrial use: Electric traction, cranes, elevators, air compressors, vacuum
cleaners, hair drier, sewing machines etc.
3. Compound motors
Differential-compound motors are rarely used because of their poor torque
characteristics. However, cumulative-compound motors are used where a fairly
constant speed is required with irregular loads or suddenly applied heavy loads.
Industrial use: Presses, shears, reciprocating machines etc.
22. TROUBLES IN DC MOTOR
The following are troubles and areas/parts on the motor on which they occur
1. Overheating
This can occur due
I. Overloads
II. Incorrect voltage ( this occurs when the motor may be subjected to a voltage that is not
appropriate for the motor)
III. Poor ventilation – frictions that occur in the motor result into heat building up and if the
motor is not properly ventilated the heat built up may result into trouble/ damage to the
motor
2. Failure to start
The motor may fail to start due to
-low voltage supply
-wrong connection
-excessive load
3. Vibration and pounding noises
This may be due to
-loose parts
-rotating parts hitting stationary parts
-armature imbalance
4. Troubles at brushes
Brush troubles may arise due to insufficient contact surface, too short a brush, too
little spring tension or wrong brush setting.