Physics FOR Cambridge International A2 Level

CHAPTER 24:
Magnetic Fields and
Electromagnetism
Agenda
24.1 Producing and representing magnetic fields
24.2 Magnetic force
24.3 Magnetic flux density
24.4 Measuring magnetic flux density
24.5 Current crossing fields
24.6 Force between Currents
24.7 Relating SI Unit
24.8 Comparing forces in magnetic, electric and
gravitational fiels 2
 Learning Objectives

REMEMBER
• Describe a magnetic field as an example of a
field of forces caused by moving charges or
permanent magnet
• Use field lines to represent a field and sketch
various pattern
• Determine the size and direction of the force
on a current – carrying conductor in a
magnetic field
• Define magnetic flux density and know how
it can be measured
• Explain the origin of the force between
current-carrying conductors and find the
direction of these forces

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24.1 Producing and representing magnetic
fields
• Magnetic field exists wherever there is
force on a magnetic pole.
• You can make a magnetic field in two
ways: Using permanent magnet or using
the movement of electric charges
(usually by having an electric current)
• Let see magnetic field patterns of bar
magnets (use iron filling or plotting
compasses)
Magnetic field patterns (a) for a single bar
magnet (b) for two attracting bar magnets (c)
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Magnetic Field Pattern by drawing magnetic
field lines
REMEMBER
• The magnetic field lines come out of north poles and go into south
poles.
• the direction of a field line at any point in the field shows the
direction of the force that “ a free” magnetic north pole would
experience at the point
• The field is strongest where the field lines are closest together.

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Different case: An Electromagnetic and
magnetic field
• An electromagnetic makes use of the
magnetic field created by an electric
current.
• See A coil, the coil (called solenoid) is used
to concentrate the magnetic field (field lines
are closer together).
• One end becomes a north pole while the
other end is the south pole.
• The strength of Magnetic field of a solenoid
can be increased by adding a core made of
ferrous (iron-rich), due to its easily
magnetized property.
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Magnetic field and Current-carrying Wire
• The magnetic field can be produced by a
wire if there is electric current pass through
it. We can say current-carrying wire.
• Magnetic field pattern for a long current-
carrying wire is very different from that of a
solenoid, the magnetic field lines are circular.
• See the figure, centered on the long current-
carrying wire and further away from the
wire.
• Remember: reversing the current, reverse
the direction of the field.

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Magnetic Fields and Moving Charges
• All magnetic fields are created by moving charge.
• Do you understand what is meant by the statement above?
• In the case of a wire, the moving charges are free electrons.
Means magnetic field is produced by the movement of
electrons within the atoms of the magnetic.
• Each electron represents a tiny current as it circulates around
within its atom and this current sets up a magnetic field.

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FIELD DIRECTION
REMEMBER: The right-hand grip rule
gives the direction of magnetic field
lines in electromagnet (example
Solenoid)
• Grip the coil so that your fingers
go around it following the
direction of the current.
• You thumb now points in the
direction of the field lines inside
the coil, that is, it points toward
the electromagnet’s north pole.
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REMEMBER: FOR the current-carrying wire,
the circular field around a wire carrying wire
does not have a magnetic pole. To find the
direction of the magnetic field, you need to
use another rule.
• Grip the wire with your right hand is the
direction of the magnetic field line (Your fingers
curl around in the direction of the magnetic field)
• The pointing your thumb in the direction of the
current

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 Check your Understanding 1
Physics for Cambridge International A Level
Textbook page 214 and 215

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24.2 MAGNETIC FORCE
LOOK AT THE FIGURE
 The copper rod is free to roll along the
two horizontal aluminium “rails”
 The magnetic field create a fairly
uniform field.
A current-carrying wire is surrounded
by a magnetic field, which will interact
an external magnetic field, giving rise
to a force on the conductor, similar to
the fields of two interacting magnets

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FLEMING’S LEFT-HAND RULE
• Fleming’s Left Hand Rule is used
to predict the direction of the
force on the CURRENT-CARRYING
CONDUCTOR.
• thuMb – direction of Motion or
Force
• First finger – direction of external
magnetic Field
• seCond finger – direction of
conventional Current

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REMEMBER IT SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 13
 EXPLAINING THE MAGNETIC FORCE
• Thinking about the magnetic fields of
the magnets and the current-carrying
conductor.
• Remember: this fields combine or
interact to produce the force on the
rod.
• Current in a coil’s magnetic field
interacts with a second magnetic field
produced by a permanent magnet.
• The production of the force is known
External Magnetic The combined fields of
as the motor Effect, because this force The magnetic field the current carrying
Field of the magnet of the current-
is used in electric motors. conductor and magnet
carrying conductor
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Check your understanding 2

Textbook page 217 No.4

Let me know if you have an

issue to solve it
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24.3 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
REMEMBER
• The strength of the field is indicate by the separation between the field lines.
• The field is strongest where the field lines are closest together.
• The STRENGTH of a magnetic field is known as MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
• magnetic flux density is defined in terms of the magnetic force experience by a current-carrying
conductor placed at right angle to a magnetic field.
• For uniform magnetic field, the flux density B is defined by the equation
or ( if B and is at right angle)
Where F is the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor (Newton, N,)
I is the current in the conductor (Ampere,A,)
L is the length of the conductor in the uniform magnetic field of flux density (metre, m)
B is the uniform magnetic flux density (Tesla, T,)

REMEMBER: The direction of the force F is given

3/1/20XX SAMPLEby Fleming’s
FOOTER TEXT Left Hand Rules 16
Worked Example 1
A current of 0.20 A flows in wire of length 2.50 m placed at right angles
to a magnetic field of flux density 0.60 T. Calculate the force on the
wire?

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 Check Your Understanding
(Magnetic Flux Density)
Textbook Page 219 No. 6 and 7

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 24.4 Measuring Magnetic Flux Density
Experiment 1: Measuring magnetic
flux density using a Hall Probe
• A hall probe can be used to
measure the magnetic flux density
between two magnets based on
the Hall effect
• It consist of a cylinder with a flat
surface at the end so magnetic
field lines are perpendicular to it.

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 24.4 Measuring Magnetic Flux Density
• To Measure the magnetic flux density between two
magnets, the flat surface of the probe must be
directed between the magnets so the magnetic field
lines pass completely perpendicular to this surface
• The probe is connected to a voltmeter to measure
the hall voltage if the probe is not held in the correct
orientation (perpendicular to the field lines).
• The Voltmeter reading will be reduced since the hall
voltage is directly proportional to the magnetic flux
density
• The Hall voltage depends on angle between the
magnetic fields and the place of the probe
• The flux density of the magnets can be obtained.

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MEASURING MAGNETIC FLUX
DENSITY USING A HALL PROBE
(NOTIFICATION)
• A Hall probe is sensitive enough to measure the Earth’s magnetic flux
density
• the Hall probe must be held so that the field lines are passing directly
through it, at right angles to the flat surface of the probe.
• If the probe is not held in the correct orientation, the reading on the
meter will be reduced (varies)
• When the Probe is rotated so that the magnetic field lines are passing
through it in the opposite direction then the change in the reading of
the meter is twice the Earth’s magnetic flux density.

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Worked Example (The Hall probe)
A hall probe is placed
near one end of a
solenoid, as shown in
the diagram
The Hall probe is
rotated about XY axis.
State and explain why
the magnitude of the
Hall voltage varies?
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Answer
• The Hall voltage depends on the angle of the
magnetic field and the plane of the probe.
• The hall voltage reaches a maximum when
the field is perpendicular to the probe
• The Hall voltage is zero when is parallel to the
probe.
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MEASURING MAGNETIC FLUX
DENSITY B WITH A CURRENT
BALANCE
• The figure shows a simple arrangement that can be
used to determine the flux density between two
magnets.
• The magnetic field between these two magnet is
roughly uniform.
• The length of the current carrying wire in the
uniform magnetic field can be measured by a ruler.
• When there is no current in the wire, the magnet
arrangement is placed on the top pan and the
balance is zero.
• When the current flows in the wire, ammeter
shows the value.
• the wire experience an UPWARD FORCES and
according to Newton’s Third Law of motion, there is
an equal and opposite force on the magnets, hence
pushed downwards causing the reading on the
balance
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MEASURING MAGNETIC FLUX
DENSITY B WITH A CURRENT
BALANCE
• The wire experience upwards
force and according to Newton’s
Third law of motion, there is an
equal and opposite force on the
magnets, hence pushed
downwards causing readings on
the balance.
• and are known, the magnetic
flux density between the
magnets is given by

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Check Your Understanding (Measuring
Magnetic Flux Density)

Textbook Page 222

No. 8 and 9

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 24.5 Current Crossing the Fields

(a) At right angles

• the force on a current carrying conductor in a field in terms of interaction of the two
magnetic fields. (Understood)
• The field due to the current and the external field. (Understood)
• Whenever an electric current cuts across magnetic field lines, a force is exerted on the
current-carrying conductor.
• Remember: A conductor experience no force when the current is parallel to the field.
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Worked Example (Current crossing the fields)
B = 0.10 Tesla 8 cm

5 cm

= 2.0 A

An electric motor has a rectangular loop of wire with dimension shown

in the figure. The loop is in a magnetic field of flux density 0.10 T. The
current in the loop is 2.0 A. Calculate the torque (Moment) that acts on
the loop in the position shown.

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 Check your understanding
(Current crossing Fields)

Textbook Page 225 No. 10 and 11

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(b) At an angle other than • Different situation, where the current-carrying
conductor cuts across a magnetic field at an
angle other than a right angle, the force gets
different values.
• In the figure, The force gets weaker as the
conductor is moved round from OA to OB, to OC
and finally to OD.
• In the position OD, there is no force on the
conductor (WHY)
• To calculate the force, we need the component
of the magnetic flux density B at right angles to
the current which is where is the angle
between B and

formula:

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Worked Example (At angle other than
A conductor OC of length 0.20 m lies at angle of to a magnetic field of
flux density 0.050T. Calculate the force on the conductor when it carries
a current of 400 mA.

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 Check Your understanding
(At an angle other than )
Textbook page 226
No 12

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24.6 Forces Between Currents
(explaining the forces)
REMEMBER: any electric current has a magnetic field around it.
• If you have two current-carrying conductors, have two currents, each
will have its own magnetic field and might be interactive or repulsive.
(do you agree)
• Let see the figure

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24.6 Forces Between Currents
(explaining the forces)

(a) Their magnetic fields circle around, and in the space between the wires, there
is an extra strong field, creating repulsive forces on the wires.
(b) in the space between two wires, the magnetic fields cancel out then the wires
are pushed together, two forces are equal and opposite to one another

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 Check Your Understanding
(Force between two currents)
Textbook page 228 No. 13

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24.7 RELATING SI UNITS
• Tesla -> defined by Ampere, metre and Newton
• Newton -> kg, meter and second

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24.8 Comparing Forces in magnetic, Electric
and Gravitational Field.
They have the same Unit but different formula
Which one the strongest and the weakest:
Magnetic Force Electric Force Gravitational Force
From the experiment:
The force between 1 kg masses 1 m apart = N
The force between two charges of 1C places 1 m apart =
The force per metre on two wires carrying a current of 1 A place 1 m apart =
• The Electric force is strongest and the gravitational is the weakest.

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SUMMARY
• Moving charge produce a magnetic field, this is electromagnetism
• A current-carrying conductor has concentric magnetic field lines. The magnetic field
patterns for a solenoid of flat coil resembles that of a bar magnet
• The separation between the magnetic field lines is an indication of the magnetic field’s
strength
• The magnetic flux density B is defined by the equation where F is the force experienced by a
current carrying conductor, is the current in the conductor and is the length of the
conductor in the uniform magnetic field strength
• The magnetic force on a current carrying conductor is given by
• The force on a current carrying conductor can be used to measure the flux density of a
magnetic field
• A force acts between the current currying conductors due to the interaction of their
magnetic fiels.
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EXAM STYLE QUESTIONS

Textbook Page 233 – 236 No. 1 -12.

If you are finish and Go to
Self Evaluation Checklist and
Ask me to sign your book
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