Activity 1: Message Relay

Activity 2: Message Relay with a twist (Facial Expression)

Todo esta bien

(Everything is OK)
Wo ai ni

(I love you)
saeng/il chuk/haham/ni/da

(Happy birthday)
Ni hao ma?

(How are you?)

CONTENT
Cell communication

Homeostasis

Positive and negative feedback

 COMMUNICATIO
N
Communication system between receptors
and effectors, allows the organism to:
Monitor changes in the internal and
external environments
Respond adaptively to such changes
Coordinate the activities of different
organs
CELL SIGNALLING
Electrical – nerve
cells (neurones)
Synaptic signalling

Chemical –
messengers (hormones)
Paracrine
Autocrine
Endocrine
 HOMEOST
ASIS

The maintenance of
a relatively stable
internal within an
organism
HOMEOSTASIS (CONT.)
STIMULUS RESPONSE
(input) (system’s
output)

The response to the stimulus lead to change.

The change is “fed back” into the receptor
 ECTOTHERMS VS
ENDOTHERMS
ECTOTHERMS
Have no homeostatic
control and derivative body
heat from their surroundings
Ex. Fish, amphibians, reptiles
ENDOTHERMS
Have homeostatic control.
Body temperature is
independent of the temperature of
the surroundings
Ex: mammals and birds
HOW IS HOMEOSTASIS
ACHIEVED?
HOW IS HOMEOSTASIS ACHIEVED?
(CONT.)

Structural

the animal or plant has

particular physical features
which help its survival in an
otherwise hostile environment.
 HOW IS HOMEOSTASIS ACHIEVED?
(CONT.)

Functional

the metabolism of the

animal or plant is able to
adjust to changes in
conditions as they are
detected.
HOW IS HOMEOSTASIS
ACHIEVED? (CONT.)
Behavioral

the actions and

interactions of the
individual, either alone
or with others, help it
to survive in its
particular environment.
 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

Feedback mechanisms are the general mechanism of

nervous or hormonal regulation.

Negative feedback Positive feedback

is when the response is when the response
diminishes the original enhances the
stimulus. original stimulus
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK POSITIVE
FEEDBACK
 EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
Exercise creates
metabolic heat which
raises the body
temperature (the stimulus)

Blood glucose cooling mechanisms

concentrations rise such as vasodilatation
after a sugary meal (flushed skin) and
(the stimulus)
sweating begin (the
Release of response)
insulin(response)
CONTROL OF
HOMEOSTASIS
• Detect deviations from normal
in the internal environment
• Integrate this information with
other relevant information
• Make appropriate adjustments
in order to restore factor to its
desired value
 CONTROLLING GLUCOSE
LEVELS
Your cells also need an exact level of glucose in the blood.
Excess glucose gets turned into glycogen in the liver
This is regulated by 2 hormones (chemicals) from the pancreas
called:
Insulin
Glucagon
Glycogen

If there is too much

glucose in the blood,
Insulin converts some of
it to glycogen
Insulin

Glucose in the blood

Glycogen

If there is not
enough glucose in
the blood,
Glucagon converts
Glucagon some glycogen into
glucose.

Glucose in the blood

 Glucose levels rise
after a meal. Insulin is produced
Glucose
Concentration and glucose levels
fall to normal
again.

Normal

Time
Meal eaten
 Glucose levels rise
Glucose after a meal.
Concentration Diabetic

Insulin is not
produced so
glucose levels stay
high

Time
Meal eaten
 Glycogen

But there is no
insulin to
convert it into
glycogen.
Insulin
Glucose
The glucose in concentration
the blood rises to
increases. dangerous
Glucose in the blood levels.
EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE
FEEDBACK
Breastfeeding
Childbirth
GROUP ACTIVITY

Each group will present a short role play

of an example of a negative and a positive
feedback mechanism.
(next meeting)
SUMMARY

All living organisms need to respond adaptively to their

environment
Cells communicate with one another through cell
signalling.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively stable
environment
Ready for a quiz?
Questions?

Thank you!