RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF

KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGIES -

ONGOLE
Summer Internship on Estimation & Costing
Presented by -

Patan Tahaseen (O191139)

Putluri Rathna Kumari (O190470)
 Summer Internship project on 09-05-24

Estimating & Costing

Under the guidance of
Gadde Chamundeshwari Devi
Assistant professor – CE
RGUKT, Ongole
Overview
• Introduction about Estimation & Costing
• Literature Reviews
• Objectives of Estimation & Costing
• Types of Estimates
• Methods of Approximate Estimates
• Table of Estimation & Costing
• Methods of Estimation for Building Works
• Conclusion
Introduction about Estimation & Costing

• Estimation and costing in civil engineering involve the prediction and detailed calculation of the quantities,
costs, and resources necessary for a construction project.
• Estimation includes calculating the volume of materials, labor, and equipment required, while costing
encompasses all associated expenses, including direct costs like materials and labor, as well as indirect
costs such as overheads and contingencies.
• These processes are crucial for ensuring the financial feasibility and successful completion of construction
projects.
Literature Review - 1
• The research paper "Costing & Estimation" by Maaz Allah Khan, Tejasvi Raj Barrister, and Yusuf
Haider highlights the significance of accurate cost estimation in construction projects to ensure
financial viability and efficient resource allocation.
• Key components include detailed drawings, specifications, and unit rates. Methods like the longwall-
short wall and centerline methods are discussed. Challenges such as dealing with incomplete project
details are addressed through best practices like using historical databases and contingency allowances.
• The integration of technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) enhances accuracy and
efficiency in estimation.
• Accurate cost estimation prevents cost overruns and ensures projects stay within budget, supporting
project feasibility and risk management.
Literature Review - 2

• Title: Cost estimation and prediction in construction projects: a systematic review on machine learning
techniques
• Author: Tayefeh Hashemi, S., Ebadati, O.M., Kaur, H.
• The literature review explores methodologies for cost estimation in construction projects, emphasizing
machine learning techniques like Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Case-Based Reasoning (CBR),
Regression Analysis (RA), and others. These methods aim to enhance accuracy in predicting project
costs, critical for budgeting and resource allocation.
• Studies are categorized by application areas such as building, highway, and power projects, and
analyzed by publication year and journal, underscoring the importance of precise cost estimates for
effective project management in construction.
Objectives of Estimation & Costing

• Increased Understanding of Cost

• For Funding Requirements
• To Understand Material Requirements
• To Aid Pre-construction Planning
• Risk Management
• Contract Management
• Project Feasibility Analysis
• Cost Control and Monitoring
• Stakeholder Communication
• Regulatory Compliance
• Quality Assurance
• Efficient Resource Allocation
Types of Estimates
DETAILED ESTIMATE:
The preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out quantities of various items of work and
then determine the cost of each item. This is prepared in two stages.
i) Details of measurements and calculation of quantities:
The complete work is divided into various items of work such as earth work concreting, brick work,
R.C.C. Plastering etc., The details of measurements are taken from drawings and entered in respective
columns of prescribed proforma. the quantities are calculated by multiplying the values that are in num-
bers column to depth column
ii) Abstract of Estimated Cost :
The cost of each item of work is worked out from the quantities that already computed in the detals
measurement form at workable rate. But the total cost is worked out in the prescribed form is known as
abstract of estimated form. 4%of estimated Cost is allowed for Petty Supervision, contingencies and
Unforeseen items.
 Methods of Approximate Estimate
• This estimate is prepared based on practical experience of carrying
out similar works in the past and their rates.
• In this estimate, the approximate cost of all important works, such as
the cost of land, roads, buildings, water supply, sanitary works,
electrification etc., is mentioned separately.
• A brief report of the project indicating its necessity, utility and
method of arriving at the cost of each item and the site or layout plan
is also enclosed with the estimate.

The following are the methods used for the preparation of approximate construction cost estimates:
• Plinth area method
• Cubical contents method
• Unit base method
• Approximate Quantity Method
Plinth area Method
• The construction cost is determined by multiplying the plinth area by the plinth area rate. The area is obtained by
multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of the building). In fixing the plinth area rate, careful observation and
necessary inquiries are made in respect of quality and quantity aspects of materials and labour, type of foundation, the
height of building, roof, woodwork, fixtures, number of stories, etc.
• As per IS 3861-1966, the following areas include while calculating the plinth area of the building:
a. Area of walls at floor level.
b. Internal shafts of sanitary installations not exceeding 2.0 sqm, lifts, air-conditioning ducts, etc.,
c. area of barsati at terrace level. Barsati means any covered space open on one side,
constructed on one side, constructed on the terraced roof, which is used as shelter during the
rainy season.
d. Porches of non-cantilever type.

• Areas which are not to include

a. Area of lofts.
b. Unenclosed balconies.
c. Architectural bands, cornices, etc.,
d. Domes towers projecting above terrace level.
Cubical Contents Method

• This method is generally used for multistory buildings. It is more accurate that the other two methods
viz., plinth area method and unit base method.
• The cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the total cubical contents (Volume of
buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate.
• The volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height. The length and breadth
are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth offset. The cost of string course, cornice,
carbelling etc., is neglected.

The cost of building= volume of buildings x rate / unit volume.

Unit Base Method

• According to this method the cost of structure is

deter-mined by multiplying the total number of
units with unit rate of each item.
• In case schools and colleges, the unit considered to
be as 'one student' and in case of hospital, the unit
is 'one bed'. the unit rate is calculated by dividing
the actual expenditure incured or cost of similar
building in the nearby localities
Table of Estimation & Costing Materials
Methods of Estimation for Building Works

• The estimation of building quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinth and
superstructure etc. can be worked out long wall short wall method and centerline method.

Following are the three different methods used for estimating building works:

• Long wall – short wall method

• Centreline method.
• Partly centre line and short wall method.
Long Wall - Short Wall Method
• In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be long wall while the wall perpendicular
to long wall is said to be short wall. Get the length of longwall or shortwall, calculate first the centre line
lengths of individual walls. Then the length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after adding half
breadth at each end to its centre line length.

• Thus the length of short wall measured into in and

may be found by deducting half breadth from its
centre line length at each end.
• The length of long wall usually decreases from earth
work to brick work in super structure while the short
wall increases. These lengths are multiplied by
breadth and depth to get quantities.
Center Line Method
• This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the total centre line length is
multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity at a time.
• When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join with main wall, the centre line length gets
reduced by half of breadth for each junction. Such junction or joints are studied carefully while
calculating total centre line length. The estimates prepared by this method are most accurate and
quick.
Conclusion
• Save Money on Projects:
More accurate estimations result in smoother execution of the project. So
you are spared last-minute overheads, unforeseen expenditures, and
blocked working capital. What these means are lesser project costs.

• Complete Projects Faster:

The right estimation means glitch-free, uninterrupted project execution.
Projects get completed faster, better.