CHEMISTRY

13.1 Classifying the elements

Groups and periodic table
■ The table proposed by Mendeleev in 1869

■ Elements are arranged in order of increasing proton number (atomic)

■ Vertical columns called as group have similar chemical and physical

properties

■ Horizontal rows are called periods

Metals and non-metals
■ Non-metals are on right-hand side above the thick stepped line
■ Elements close to that stepped line exhibit both metal and non-metal
properties – they are known as metalloids
■ Metalloids
– 8 elements (boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium,
polonium and astatine)
– Look like metal
– Brittle like non-metal
– Semiconductors (neither conductor nor insulator)
■ Main group elements are elements from Group I to VIII

■ Group II and III are transition elements

■ Group VIII are noble gases

■ Group I are alkali metals

Hydrogen in the periodic table

■ Hydrogen is the smallest atom

■ It has different and unique properties

■ Does not fit in any group

Organisation of the periodic table
■ Elements in the same group have same number of valence electron

– For main group, number of group is the number of valence electron

■ Elements in the same period have same number of shells

Valence electron and chemical property
■ Outer electrons are responsible for the chemical property of an element

■ Elements in the same group will have same properties

■ Noble gases are unreactive as the electron arrangement of it is very stable

General trend in periodic table
■ Going down the group
– Density and melting point increase
– Atoms become larger
– Metals become more reactive

■ Going up the group

– Non-metals become more reactive
Relationship between group number and ionic charge

■ Group I, II and III has positive charge same as the group number

■ Group VI, and has negative charge of 8 minus the group number

■ Group IV and V usually forms covalent bond

■ Group VIII is non reactive