OPERATING SYSTEM

PREVIEW

 Operating System

 File System, file extension and types of files

 Importants terms

 System properties
 OPERATING SYSTEM

 An Operating System (OS) is a

computer program that manages the
hardware and software resources of
a computer

 Acts as an interface between the user and

the computer hardware.

 It interface enables a user to utilise

hardware resources very efficiently

 Generally Written In Assembly Or ‘C’

Language.
 SOME IMPORTANT
OPERATING SYSTEMS

 Microsoft Windows

 Apple Macintosh (Mac OS)

 LlNUX

Mobile Operating System

 Android
 Symbian
 iOS
 BlackBerry
 BASIC FUNCTION & CHARACTERSTICS OF
OPERATING SYSTEM

 Resource Management

 Process Management

 Memory Management

 Storage Management

 Security Management
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
 KERNEL & SHELL

KERNEL

 In computing, the kernel is the central component of most

computer operating system

 It is a bridge between applications and the actual data

processing done at the hardware level

SHELL

 The shell is the outermost layer of the operating system

 Shell is a computer program which exposes an operating

system's services to a human user or other programs
KERNEL & SHELL
 ANDROID

 Android is a mobile operating system

 Based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open

source software designed primarily or touchscreen mobile devices such
as smartphones and tablets

 Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open

Handset Alliance and commercially sponsored by Google

 Default user interface - Graphical user interface

 Programming languages - Java, Python, Go, C, XML, C++, Assembly
language.
ANDROID
 FUNDAMENTAL PURPOSE OF OS

To provide / generate an environment in which and user can handle system

programs as well as works easily
TYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
 Client Operating System (COS)

 Linux
 Unix
 Windows Vista
 Windows 7
 Windows 8
 Windows 8.1
 Windows 10
 Windows 11
 Network Operating System (NOS)

 Windows Storage Server 2003

 Windows Server 2008
 Windows Server 2012
 Windows Server 2016
 Windows Server 2019
 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

CLIENT OPERATING SYSTEM

 It provides support to a single user at a time
 It runs on desktop systems and portable devices
 Some client operating systems are Windows, Android, Mac, etc

NETWORK/SERVER OPERATING SYSTEM

 Sharing of resources
 Security
 Administration
 File handling

 DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM

 Distributed Operating System is a type of model where applications are running

on multiple computers linked by communications. It is an extension of the
network operating system which supports higher levels of communication and
integration of the machines on the network
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COS AND SOS

Client OS Server OS

 Runs on desktop computers and other portable  OS that is developed to be installed and
devices utilized on a server

 Simple and easy OS  Complex OS

 Provides less security than the server OS  Provides more security than the client OS

 Runs on a client device, including mobile

 Runs on a server
phones, desktops, tablets, and laptops

 Offer services to many clients or end-user

 Get services from a server
devices

 Less stable than the server OS  More stable than client OS

 Less efficient than server OS  Highly efficient than client OS

 Some examples of server OSs are Mac OS X,

 Some examples of client OSs are Android,
Windows Server, Red Hat Enterprise Linux,
Windows, Mac, etc
etc
 Linux

 Linux is an open source operating system (OS)

 An operating system is the software that directly manages a system’s

hardware and resources, like CPU, memory, and storage
 LINUX AND WINDOW
S/No Linux Windows
Linux is a open source operating Windows are the not the open source
1
system operating system
2 Linux is free of cost It is costly
3 It’s file name case-sensitive File name is case-insensitive

4 In linux, monolithic kernel is used Micro kernel is used

Linux is more efficient in

5 Windows are less efficient
comparison of windows
Forward slash is used for Back slash is used for Separating the
6
Separating the directories. directories
Linux provides more security than
7 Provides less security than linux
windows

Linux is widely used in hacking Windows does not provide much efficiency in
8
purpose based systems hacking
 PROTECTION AND SECURITY IN OPERATING SYSTEM

 Protection and security requires that computer resources such as CPU,

softwares, memory etc. are protected. This extends to the operating system
as well as the data in the system. This can be done by ensuring integrity,
confidentiality and availability in the operating system. The system must
be protect against unauthorized access, viruses, worms etc.

 Protection and Security Methods –

 Authentication

 One Time Password

 FILE SYSTEM

 A file system is the methods and data structures that an

operating system uses to keep track of files on a disk or
partition

 It is the way in which files are named and where they are
placed logically for storage and retrieval

 Without a file system, stored information wouldn't be isolated

into individual files and would be difficult to identify and retrieve
 FILE ALLOCATION TABLE (FAT)

 A method used by an operating systems to keep track on

where files are being copied or are stored on a hard disk

 The fat file system was created by bill gates and marc
McDonald in 1977

 Fat is still in use today as the preferred file system for

floppy drive media, high capacity storage devices like
flash drives (pen drive)

 Fat was the primary file system used in all of Microsoft's

consumer operating systems
 CATEGORY OF FAT

 FAT12: The initial version of the fat file system, fat12 was introduced
in 1977, even before MS-DOS, and was the primary file system for
Microsoft operating systems up to MS-DOS 4.0. FAT12 supports drive
sizes up to 32 MB

 FAT16: The second implementation of fat was fat16, introduced in

1988. Fat16 was the primary file system for MS-DOS 4.0 up to
Windows 95. Fat16 supports drive sizes up to 2 GB

 FAT32: FAT32 is the third version of the fat file system. It was
introduced in 1996 for Windows 95. FAT32 supports drive sizes up to 8
TB

 EXFAT or FAT64: Extended file allocation table is a file system, like the
NTFS, FAT32 etc. It supports drive sizes up to 16 TB
 NTFS

 New technology file system (NTFS) is a file system

introduced by Microsoft in 1993 with Windows NT 3.1

 NTFS supports hard drive sizes up to 256 TB

 NTFS replaced Microsoft's previous fat file system,

used in MS-DOS and early versions of windows. NTFS has
several improvements over fat
 ADVANTAGES OF NTFS OVER FAT

 NTFS provides good performance, security, reliability

 The new technology file system automatically repairs

hard drive errors without displaying error messages

 NTFS also provides advanced features such as file and folder

permissions, encryption & compression
 FILES

 Files

 File extension

 Types of files

 Link files or shortcuts

 Wild card
 FILES

 File is a set of related records / imp documents saved various

types of source in CD, pen drives and HDD etc

 File and folder name up to 255 character with extension name

and space

 Extension name up to 3-5 character

 Some special character are not valid for file and folder name -\
/:*?"<>|
 FILE EXTENSION

 An extension to the name of a file that helps identify the file

 File types are associated with a file name extension
 Docx, .Xlsx, .Accdb .Pptx etc
 FILE EXTENSION

 .TXT FILE - Notepad file extension

 .HLP FILES - Help File Extension

 .DBF FILE - Foxpro and dbase file extension

 .PCX - Paint brush file

 .JPG - In line graphic file (joint photographic expert group)

 .GIF - Graphic interchange format file

 .BMP - Bitmap picture

 .PSD - Photoshop document

 TYPES OF FILES

 Executable file

 Non Executable files

 Data files
 TYPES OF FILES

EXECUTABLE FILES

 It is a file that is used to perform various functions or operations in a computer.

Unlike a data file, an executable file cannot generally be read because it has been
compiled

 Common executable files are .bat, .com and .exe. Depending on the operating
system and its setup, there can also be several other types of executable files

EXAMPLE

 Winword.exe - Ms word file

 Msaccess.exe - Ms access file

 Excel.exe - Ms excel file

 Powerpnt.exe - Ms power point file

LINK FILES / SHORT CUT
 WILD CARD

 When we wish to find a group of file together

 There are two type of wild card
• *
• ?
ASTERISK (*) WILDCARD
Asterisk (*) is used in place of all character
 *.pptx
 *.docx
 *.xlsx
QUESTION MARK (?)
Question mark (?) Is used to replace any one character
• come??.doc
 IMPORTANT TERMS

 Desktop: The on-screen working area on which window’s icons and

dialog box appear. That is called desktop

 Control panel: A group of tools you use to change hardware and software
settings

 Default: A predefined setting in a computer program. It is the value

used when a setting has not been specified by the user.

 Dialog box: A window in which you provide information to a program

 Disk drive: Hardware on which you can store files.drives are assigned a
letter. For example, most users store their files on their hard disk, which is
typically labeled “c”
 IMPORTANT TERMS

 GUI (graphical user interface): A mouse based operating system interface

that lets you point and click, using icons, menus and windows

 Download: To copy files from remote computer or internet software

archive onto your local computer. For example, you download files from
the web to your hard disk

 DRIVER: A software that the operating system uses to control a specific

piece of hardware

 PASSWORD: a security measure used to restrict logon names to user

accounts and access to computer system and resources
 IMPORTANT TERMS

 SCREEN SAVER: a moving picture or pattern that appears on your

screen when you have not used the mouse or keyboard for a
specified period of time

 USER: A person who uses a computer. A user is all called skin ware in
right term of computer language

 INSTALL: When referring to software, to add program file and folder to

your HDD

 UNINSTALL: The act of removing program from HDD

SYSTEM PROPERTIES
 DESKTOP ITEMS AND MOUSE OPTIONS

CONTROL PANEL
 The control panel is a part of the Microsoft windows which allows users to
view and manipulate basic system settings and controls.
 It allow us adding hardware, adding and removing software, controlling
user accounts, and changing accessibility options
 HANDLING OF FILES AND FOLDER

 Open/create a new file or folder

 Rename files or folders
 Copy or move files or folder
 Make shortcut of file or folder
 Delete file or folder
 Property of files and folder
 Change folder view setting
 Change icon of folder
 Hide or unhide folder
 NATURAL KEY BOARD SHORTCUTS:

Press To
Windows Start menu
Windows + Break Display the system properties dialog box.
Windows + D Show the desktop
Windows + M Minimize all windows.
Windows + shift + M Restore minimized windows.
Windows + E Open my computer.
Windows + F Search for all file or folder.
Windows + CTRL+F Search for computer.
Windows + F1 Display help windows.
Connected to a lock your computer if you
Windows + L
network are not are domain or switch users
connected to a if you network domain.
Windows + R Open the run dialog box.
Windows + U Open Utility Manager.
 ON SCREEN KEYBOARD

 Go to Start , then select Settings > Accessibility > Keyboard, and turn on the On-
Screen Keyboard toggle
 SYSTEM TOOLS

 Press the Win key + R to open Run, and then enter “msconfig” there to open
the System Configuration window in the shot directly below
 Click the Boot tab to open further options
 The Tools tab in System Configuration opens a list of handy system tools
 TASK MANAGER

 A list of running Apps and Background processes

 Click the Performance tab to open the

graphs shown in the shot below
 The graphs show you CPU, Memory,
RAM usage, and more
 TASK MANAGER

 Start-up is another tab included in the Windows 10 Task Manager. This shows
you all the software that opens on the startup of your PC.
CONTROL PANEL
TO ADD A NEW FONT TO YOUR COMPUTER
 UPDATE A DRIVER FOR HARDWARE

 Open Device Manager by clicking the Start button

 In the list of hardware categories, find the device that you want to update,
and then double-click the device name
 Click the Driver tab, click Update Driver, and then follow the instructions
UNINSTALL FROM THE CONTROL PANEL
(FOR PROGRAMS)
 TO CHANGE CURRENCY &
TIME AND DATE SETTINGS
TO CHANGE TIME AND DATE SETTINGS
 Open the Control Panel
 Click on the Region icon
 Click on the Customize this format button
 Click on the Date tab
 Select short date and change the Date Format: DD-MMM-YYYY
 Click OK to apply

Change the currency setting on Windows 10

 Control Panel, Choose Clock and Region > Region > Additional Settings

 On the Currency tab, in the Currency symbol box, type or select a

currency symbol
 WINDOWS INSTALLATION

INSTALLING WINDOWS 10