Lleqcia 8

polimerebisaTvis saWiro sawyisi monomerebisa da

Sualeduri produqtebis miReba

 polimerebis sinTezisaTvis saWiro sawyis produqtebs war-moadgens:

1. funqciuri jgufebis Semcveli monomerebi,;
2. funqciuri jgufebis Semcveli oligomerebi;
3. polimerebi, romelTa modificirebiT SesaZlebelia axali sasurveli Tvisebebis mqone
polimerebis miReba.
 funqciuri jgufebis Semcveli bevri naerTi, romelic gamoi-yeneba polimerebis
sinTezisaTvis, warmoadgenen Cveulebriv standartul organul naerTebs.
 polimerizaciis xarisxi damokidebulia sawyisi reagentis sisufTaveze.
 arsebuli minarevebi vinilur monomerebSi amcireben polime-rizaciis xarisxs
telomerizaciis reaqciebis mimdinareobiT.
 naklebad aqtiuri minarevebi ar axdenen gavlenas polimeriza-ciis xarisxze,
magram arseboben masSi rogorc dambinZureblebi da aniWeben polimers
arasasurvel Tvisebas.
 navTob­qimiuri produqtebidan umTavresad axdenen Sualedi produqtebisa da
ZiriTadi monomerebis sinTezs.
navTobproduqtebis gamoxda;

ნავთობის გამოხდის ძირითადი პროდუქტები

ნავთობ პროდუქტები ძირითადი ტემპერატურა
ფრაქციები
ნავთობის ქუდი (აირები) 320 C -ზე ქვემოთ
ბენზინი 32-1050 C (C5-C11)
ლიგროინი (ნავთა) 105-1600 C (C8-C14)
ნავთი 160-2300 C (C12-C18)
გაზოილი (დიზელის საწვავი) 230-4300 C ()
მაზუთი 4300 C-ზე ზემოდ

navToproduqtebis Termuli (470-550 0) da katalizuri krekingi; (450-500 0 )

C20H42 C10H22 + C10H20
C10H22 C5H12 + C5H10

C5H12 C3H8 + C2H4

C5H12 C4H8 + CH4
 კოქსქიმიური წარმოება: 10000 C: 60% -H2 , 5% -CO, 25% - CH4,
5% - N2 , CO2 , C2H4

samrewvelo monomerebis sinTezi sawyisi

bunebrivi nedleulidan

 mravali monomeri, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba polimerizaci-uli da

polikondensaciuri polimerebis sinTezisaTvis umTavre-sad miiRebian umartivesi
samrewvelo nedleulisagan. axali mono-merebis sinTezi aris erTerTi aqtualuri problemaa
axali komp-leqsuri Tvisebebis mqone polimerebis sinTezisaTvis.
 axali monomerebis sinTezis dros detalurad unda iyos aR­ werili sawyisi bunebrivi
nedleulidan axali ZiriTadi da gver-diTi produqtebis miRebis reaqciebi, reaqciis
pirobebi: tempera-tura, wneva, katalizatori da sxva.
 sareaqcio sqemaze mocemulia cocxali organizmebis lpobis Sedegad miRebuli
Waobis gazidan – meTanidan, rogorc sawyisi nedleulidan, sxvadasxva daniSnulebis
monomerebis miReba.
 N
H2C CH2 CH2
N
H2C CH2
N N
C heqs ameT i l ent et r ami ni
H2

NH3
O
H C H
O
O2
Cl C Cl
f o s geni C2H5OH

Cl2 CO+H2
O
CO
H C H HOCH2CH2OH
CH4 CO + H2 CH3OH
eT i l en gl i ko l i
H2O HCN

CH2CH2+[O]
CO2+ H2 CH3COOH CH3COOCH=CH2
N2 -H2O vi ni l ac et at i

O2 CH3COOCH3
O NH3
Zmar mJava meT i l i s eT er i
H2N C NH2
O2 + CH4
Sar d o vana
HCN
O
H3C C CH3
NH2
H3C OH H3C OH CH3
C
N N C C CH2=C COOCH3
H3C CN H3C C OCH3
C C meT i l met akr i l at i
O
H2N N NH2
mel ami ni

meTanidan samrewvelo gziT miRebuli sxvadasxva

monomerebis
 CO+H2
CH2=CH-COOH
akr i l i s mJava
Cl2
CH2ClCH2Cl CH2=CHCl
-HCI vi ni l ql o r i d i

CH2CH3 CH=CH2
CH2=CH2
-H2

eT i l benz o l i st i r o l i
O
O
H3C C OH
CH2=CH O C CH3
vi ni l ac et at i
O2
H2C CH2 HCN HOCH2CH2CN CH2=CHCN
O -H2O
akr i l o ni t r i l i
eT i l eni s o qs i d i
CH3OH

(OCH2CH2)n HOCH2CH2OH CH2=CHCOOH CH2=CHCOOCH3

po l i eT i l en- eT i l engl i ko l i akr i l i s mJava meT i l akr i l at i
gl i ko l i

. eTilenidan samrewvelo gziT miRebuli sxvadasxva

monomerebis sinTezis diagrama
 Cl2 Cl Cl
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 H2C CH CH=CH2
but ad i eni

-H
Cl
l H2C C CH=CH2
HC
H2C CH C CH Cl
vi ni l ac et i l eni ql o r o pr eni

HCl
CH2=CHCl
vi ni l ql o r i d i

HCN
HC CH CH2=CHCN
akr o l ei ni

HF
CH2=CHF

CH3COOH
CH2=CH-OCOCH3
vi ni l ac et at i
O
H3C C CH3
H2C C CH=CH2
CH3
i z o pr eni
CH2O
CH2=CH-CH=CH2
-H2O bu t ad i eni

C2H5OH
CH2=CH-OC2H5
vi ni l eTi l eTer i

acetilenidan samrewvelo gziT miRebuli sxvadasxva

monomerebis sinTezis diagrama.
 O2 +NH3
CH2=CH-CN
amo qs i d i z ac i a
akr i l o ni t r i l i

O2
CH2=CH-CHO CH2=CH-COOH
400 C akr o l ei ni
0 akr i l i s mJavaA
Na2ZnO2
H2O2
CH2=CH-CH2OH CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH
0
al i l i s s pi r t i WO3, 65 C gl i c er i ni

HOCI H3C CH CH2

CH3-CHOH-CH2Cl
-HCI
O
pr o pi l eni s o qs i d i
Cl2 HOCl
CH2Cl-CH=CH2 CH2Cl-CHOH-CH2Cl ClH2C CH CH
-HCl 2
-HCl O
CH3-CH=CH2 epi ql o r hi d r i ni
CH3 O
CO, O2, CH3OH
H2C C C OCH3
meTi l met akr i l at i
OH H3C OH
H2 O HCN H3C
CH3-CHOH-CH3 H3C C CH3 C C
-H2 COOH
O H3C CN H3C

H3C CH CH3 OOH OH

O2 H3C C CH3
+ H3C C CH3
O
ku mo l i f eno l i Aac et o ni
ku mo l i s hi d r o -
z eJangi
H 2SO 4
CH3
-H 2O
HO C OH
CH3
4,4' -d i f eni l o l pr o pani
bi s f eno l A

propilenidan samrewvelo gziT miRebuli sxvadasxva

monomerebis sinTezis diagrama.
 CH2-CH3 CH=CH2
CH2=CH2 ZnO
AICI3 -H2

eTi l benz o l i st i r o l i
OH O
H2 O2 50% HNO3 HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH
+
750C ad i pi ni s mJava
c i kl o heqs ani c i kl o heq- c i kl o heq-
s ano l i s ano ni

NC-(CH2)4-CN H2N-(CH2)6-NH2
Hheqs ameTi l end i ami ni

H3C CH CH3 OOH OH

CH3-CH=CH2 H3C C CH3
O2
+ H3C C CH3
O
ku mo l i f eno l i Aac et o ni
ku mo l i s hi d r o -
z eJangi

H 2SO 4
CH3
-H 2O
HO C OH
CH3
4,4' -d i f eni l o l pr o pani
bi s f eno l A
O
CH COOH CH C
O
CH COOH CH C
O
mal ei ni s mJava mal ei ni s mJavas
anhi d r i d i

NO2 NH2
HNO3 H2 CH2O COCl2
OCN CH2 NCO
HCl
d i i z o c i anat i

benzolidan polimerizaciuli da polikondensaciuri

monomerebis miReba.
 cikloheqsanis daJangvisas katalizatoris, kobaltis diacetatis
Tanaobisas, miiReba cikloheqsanoni, romelzec hidroqsilaminis
moqmedebiT miiReba cikloheqsanonoqsimis hidroqloridi, Semdegi
sqemiT:
O2 O
NH2OH NOH . HCl

HCl

c i kl o heqs ano ni c i kl o heqs ano n o qs i mi s

hi d r o ql o r i d i

 cikloheqsanonoqsimze gogirdmJavas moqmedebiT miiReba -kapro-

laqtami, Semdegi sqemiT:
O
NOH H 2SO4
NH

c i kl o heqs ano n  -kapr o l aqt ami

o qs i mi
 navTobproduqtebis miRebis erT-erT ZiriTad xerxs miekuTvneba
aseve navTobis krekingis procesi (Termuli da katalizuri);

 krekingis dros adgili aqvs naxSirbadovani jaWvis daSlas,

gawyvetas, rasac Tan axlavs izomerizaciis procesebi da rogorc ufro
energotevadi naxSirwyalbadebis miReba, aseve sinTezuri
polimerebisaTvis sawyisi naerTebis miReba:
C20H 42 C10H 22 +C10H 20
C10H22 C5H12+C5H10
C5H12 C3H8 + C2H4
C5H12 C4H8 + CH4
3CH4 C2H2 + C + 5H2

 kreking procesebi umTavresad gamoiyeneba benzinis fraqciaze

gazrdili moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad.
 cxrili
tipiuri naxSirwyalbadebis fraqciebi miRebuli navTobproduqtebis
fraqciuli gamoxdis dros
# duRilis temperaturuli intervali naxSirbadis saxelwodeba SesaZlebeli gamoyeneba
0
C saSualo
ricxvi

1 <30 1-4 gazi gamacxelebeli

2 30–180 5–11 benzini avtomobilis sawvavi

3 150-250 8-14 msubuqi dizelis sawvavi,

ligroini gamacxelebeli

4 180–300 12–18 navTi reaqtiuli sawvavi,

gamacxelebeli

5 >275 gazoili

6 305–400 18–25 mazuTi gamacxelebeli

7 gudroni
 navTobproduqtebidan miRebuli paraqsilolis daJangviT miiReba
tereftalis mJava, xolo naftalinis daJangviT ki miiReba ftalis anhidridi,
Semdegi sqemebiT:

3O 2
H 3C CH 3 HOOC COOH + 2H 2O
Co
p-qs i l o l i t er ef t al i s mJava

tereftalis mJava kondensaciuri tipis monomeria da misgan mii-Reba

boWko lavsani da gliftaluri fisebi.

O
C
+ 9O2
2 2 O + 4CO2 + 4H2O
[V2O5]
C O

ftalis anhidridi kondensaciuri tipis monomeria da misgan miiReba

gliftaluri fisebi.
 farTo gamoyeneba aqvs aseve mcenareuli safaris geologiuri
gardaqmnis produqts, naxSirs. naxSiris daJangviT Rebuloben naxSiris
monoqsids, romlidanac, samrewvelo meTodiT-aRdgeniT, Rebuloben
meTilis spirts:
C+O2 CO2
CO2 +C 2CO
CO + 2H 2 CH3OH
 naxSiris monoqsidze qloris moqmedebiT, gaaqtivebuli naxSiris
Tanaobisas miiReba fosgeni, romelic warmoadgens erT-erT ZiriTad
sawyis produqts karbonatebis misaRebad:
Cgaaqt i vebu l i
CO + Cl2 COCl2
f o s geni
naxSirorJangze amiakis moqmedebisas maRal wnevaze, miiReba
Sardovana, romelic warmoadgens erT-erT ZiriTad produqts poli-
Sardovanebis misaRebad:
wneva
CO2 +2NH3 CO(NH2)2
H2O
 meTilis spirtis katalizuri daJangviT Rebuloben formalde-hids,
romelzec Semdgom amiakis moqmedebisas Rebuloben heqsa-
meTilentetramins anu urotropins, Semdegi sqemiT:
N
H2C H2C CH2
O2 4NH3 N
6 CH3OH 6H2 + 6CH2O CH2 CH2 + 6H2O
kat al i z at o r i N N
f o r mal d ehi d i
C
H2
heqs ameTi l ent et r ami ni
(ur o t r o pi ni )
heqsameTilentetramini aris rezolebisa da axallaqebis gamke-ravi
produqti.
kalciumis karbidi, romelic miiReba kirisa da naxSiris SelRo-biT
warmoadgens sawyis produqts melaminis misaRebad:
10000C +CO2 + H2O
CaC2 +N2 CaCN2 N C NH2
-CaCO3 c i anami d i
NH2 NH2
C
C
N N
N N
+
C C
H 2N C C NH2 H 2N N NH2

N mel ami ni
 monomerebis funqciuroba

 makromolekulur naerTTa sinTezisaTvis saWiro sawyis nivTie-rebebs

dabalmolekuluri naerTebi monomerebi warmoadgenen.
 Tu monomeris molekulas A simboloTi aRvniSnavT, maSin makro-
molekuluri naerTebisaTvis sinTezis reaqciis mimdinareoba SeiZ-leba
gamartivebulad ase gamoixatos.

nA A A A A
m
 ori an meti monomerisagan polimeris miReba:

nA + mB A n B m

 monomerebis funqciuroba ganisazRvreba monomerebis moleku-laSi

Semavali funqciuri jgufebis raodenobiT.
 funqciurs uwodeben iseT reaqciisunarian jgufebs, an moZrav
atomebs an ujer (ormag, sammag) kavSirebs, romlebsac sxvadasxva
qimiur reaqciebSi Sesvlis unari SeswevT.
 magaliTad, monomerebis reaqciisunariani funqciuri jgufebia (_OH
hidroqsilis, _OR alkoqsilis, _COOH karboqsilis, _NH2 aminis, =NH iminis, _CHO
aldehiduri, _OSO2OH sulfo, _NO2 nitro, _SH da a.S. jgufebi, Si-Hal.
 monofunqciur naerTebs miekuTvnebian:
erTatomiani spirtebi -_ROH;
erTfuZiani mJavebi - R_COOH;
meoradi aminebi (iminebi) - RR’NH;
aldehidebi - R_CHO – sadac R da R’alkilis an arilis radikalebia.
 difunqciur naerTebs miekuTvnebian:
glikolebi (diolebi) – HO_R_OH;
orfuZiani mJavebi - HOOC_R_COOH;
pirveladi aminebi - R_NH2;
diaminebi _ NH2_R_NH2;
oqsimJavebi _ HO_R_COOH;
aminomJavebi _ NH2_R_COOH.
– sadac R alkilis an arilis radikalebia.
 trifunqciuri naerTebia:

gl i c er i ni HO CH2 CH CH2 OH
OH
 triqlorsilanebi RSiCI3, trialkoqsisilanebi RSi(OR’)3, triolebi RSi(OH)3.

t r i kar bi l mJ ava HOOC CH2 CH CH2 COOH

COOH
 tetrafunqciuri naerTebia: CH2OH
pentaeritriti:
HOH2C C CH2OH

CH2OH
 tetroli (cis-1,3,5,7-tetrahidroqsi-1,3,5,7-tetrafenilciklo-
tetrasiloqsani):
HO OH

HO Ph OH Ph

Ph
 eTileni _ bi(or)funqciuri naerTia, Phvinaidan mas mierTebis rea-qciebSi
ZaluZs ori wyalbadis an halogenis atomis mierTeba:

CH2=CH2 + H 2 CH3-CH 3
CH2=CH2 + X2 CH2X-CH2X

X=CI, Br, F, I.
 monomerebis funqciuroba damokidebulia ara marto funqciuri
jgufebis, aqtiuri atomebis an ujeri kavSirebis raodenobaze mono-meris
molekulaSi, aramed qimiuri reaqciis pirobebsa da Tavisebu-rebebze.
pirobebis mixedviT acetileni SeiZleba iyos bifunqciuric da
tetrafunqciuric:
HC CH +2H2 CH3-CH 3

HC CH +2X2 CHX2-CHX2
 acetilenidan benzolis miRebisas an dimerizaciisas igi bifunqciuria, da ara
tetrafunqciuri, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi acetilenis molekulis mxolod
erTi kavSiris gawyveta xdeba:

CH
HC CH CH CH + CH CH CH C CH=CH2
+
HC CH vi ni l ac et i l eni
CHurTierTqmedebisas martiv da rTul eTerebTan igi monofunqciuri
fenolis
naerTis bunebas avlens.

OH OCOR

+RCOCI +HCI
 Canacvlebis iseT reaqciebSi, rogoricaa halogenireba, sulfireba an
nitrireba, fenoli samfunqciuria:
OH OH
X X
+ 3X2 + 3HX

 nitrirebisas miiReba pikrinis mJavis (2,4,6-trinitrofenoli) miReba:

OH OH
O2N NO2
+ 3HONO 2
-3H2O
pi kr i ni s mJava
NO 2

 1,3-butadieni bevr reaqciaSi difunqciuria. is tetrafunqciuricaa.

miuxedavad imisa, rom glicerini Seicavs 3 hidroqsilis jgufs da unda avlendes
samfunqciuri naerTis bunebas, dabal (1200C-ze) temperaturaze da karbonmJavas
naklebobisas igi bifunqciuri naerTis bunebas amJRavnebs:

CH 2-OH CH 2-OCOR
0
120 C
CH-OH + 2 RCOOH CH-OH + 2H2O
CH 2-OH CH 2-OCOR
 dabal temperaturaze eTerifikaciis reaqciaSi mxolod ufro
reaqciisunariani pirveladi hidroqsilis jgufebi Sedian. reaqciis Catarebisas
ufro maRal temperaturaze 1800C-ze reaqciaSi meoradi hidroqsilis
jgufebic Sedian:
CH 2-OH CH 2-OCOR
0
180 C
CH-OH + 3 RCOOH CH-OCOR + 3H2O
CH 2-OH CH 2-OCOR

 amdenad, monomeris mier funqciurobis gamovlenaze did rols

asrulebs sareaqcio pirobebi.
makromolekulur naerTTa miRebis SemTxvevaSi, reaqciis Casata-
reblad Zalian xSirad erTze met monomers xmaroben (2-s, 3-s da a.S.).
amitom makromolekulebis qimiaSi miRebulia cneba - monomeruli
sistemebis saSualo funqciuroba.
monomeruli sistemebis saSualo funqciuroba ganisazRvreba for- muliT:

 mf
f s aS =
m
m_reaqciaSi aRebuli monomerebis grammolis ricxvs gamoxatavs;
f _ ki monomerebSi Semavali funqciuri jgufebis ricxvis gamomxatvelia.
 magaliTad, Tu Cven siliciumorganuli monomerebis hidrolizuri
kondensaciis reaqciaSi monomerebis narevs aviRebT, romelic 15
g/moli Me2SiCl2 -sa da 5 g/moli MeSiCl3 -s Seicavs, maSin am monomeruli
sistemis saSualo funqciuroba iqneba:
15  2  5  3 45
f    2,25
15  5 20
axla ganvixiloT sakiTxi, Tu ratomaa aucilebeli monomerebis saSualo
funqciuroba iyos f≥2 -is toli.
O
C2H5OH + CH3COOH C2H5O C CH 3 + H 2O

maSasadame, Tu monomeris saerTo funqciuroba 2-ze naklebia

polimeri ver warmoiqmneba.

dikarbonilis mJavebis kondensaciisas glikolebTan anu orato-mian

spirtebTan, iseTi naerTi warmoiqmneba, romelic agreTve or funqciur
jgufs Seicavs molekulis daboloebebSi:

HOOC-R-COOH + HO-R'-OH HOOC-R-CO-O-R'-OH + H 2O

 warmoqmnili naerTi kvlav Sedis reaqciaSi mJavasTan an glikol-Tan:

HOOC-R-CO-O-R'-OH + HOOC-R-COOH HOOC-R-CO-O-R'-O- CO-R-COOH

H2O

HOOC-R-CO-O-R'-OH + HO-R'-OH HO-R'-O-CO-R-CO-O-R'-OH d a a.S.

H 2O
makromolekulur naerTTa aRnagoba anu makromolekulebis
geometriuli forma ZiriTadad damokidebulia sawyisi monomerebis
saSualo funqciurobaze.

 im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sawyisi monomerebis funqciuroba 2-s

aRemateba, maSin rogorc wesi gantotvili an sivrciTi aRnagobis
polimerebi warmoiqmneba.
 Tu monomerebis saSualo funqciuroba 2-ze metia, magram 3-ze
naklebia 2<f<3 gantotvili polimerebi warmoiqmneba.
 xolo Tu f3-is SemTxvevaSi _ sivrciTi anu Sekerili polimerebi
warmoiqmneba.

mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is, rom es wesi yovelTvis ar gamodgeba,

vinaidan gavlenas axdens reaqciis pirobebi.
 makromolekulur naerTTa sinTezisaTvis aucilebeli pirobaa
monomerTa funqciuroba f2, magram es piroba sakmarisi ar aris.
magaliTad, iseTi monomeri rogoricaa stiroli (1-fenileTile-ni) ganicdis
polimerizacias polistirolis warmoqmniT:
n CH=CH 2 CH CH2

 Tu stirolis warmoebuls 1,1-difenileTilens aviRebT, romelic agreTve bifunqciuria:

H2C C

 igi polimerizaciis reaqcias ar ganicdis. aseve ver polimeriz-deba tri- da

tetrafenileTileni. aRniSnuli movlena SeiZleba aixsnas fenilis jgufebis didi sivrciTi
moculobiT.
eTilenis samhalogen Canacvlebuli warmoebulebidan: triqlor-eTileni CCl2=CHCl da
tribromeTileni CBr2=CHBr polimerizacias ar ganicdian.
maTgan gansxvavebiT tri- da tetraftoreTileni polimerizacias ganicdis,
riTi aixsneba es? am SemTxvevaSi makromolekulebis sinTezis dros
halogenebis Cl, Br da I-is SemTxvevaSi sivrciTi dabrkolebebi
warmoiqmneba, rac monomeris molekulaSi didi raodenobiT da didi
moculobis gverdiTi jgufebis an atomebis arsebobiTaa gamowveuli,
romlebic molekulis ujer ormag bmas gars ertymian, blokirebas
ukeTeben da xels uSlian mis polimerizacias (Br-is atomis radiusi R
=1,19 , Cl-is 1,07 -ia, xolo F-is sul 0,72 udris). A0 A0
A0
amrigad, dabalmolekuluri naerTebisagan
(monomerebisagan) polimerebis misaRebad saWiroa, rom:
1. sawyisi monomerebis saSualo funqciuroba f2;
2. monomeris molekulebi didi raodenobiT ar unda Seicavdes
sivrciT, steriulad did anu didi moculobis jgufebs an atomebs,
romlebic xels uSlian polimerebis warmoqmnis process.
3. gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve reaqciis Catarebis pirobebi da
Taviseburebebi.
 monomerebis ZiriTadi saxeobebi
monomerebi, romlebic makromolekulur naerTTa sinTezisaTvis gamoiyenebian SeiZleba
oTx ZiriTad jgufad davyoT:
1. alkenuri monomerebi,
monomeris monomeris polimeris dasaxeleba
dasaxeleba struqturuli formula

eTileni CH2=CH2 polieTileni

propileni CH3-CH=CH2 polipropileni
CH 3
izobuTileni CH2=C poliizobuTileni
CH3
stiroli C6H5 CH=CH 2 polistiroli

vinilqloridi CH 2=CH Cl polivinilqloridi

vinilidenqloridi CH2=CCl2 polivinilidenqloridi

vinilacetati CH2=CH OCOCH3 polivinilacetati

akrilonitrili CH2=CH CN poliakrilonitrili

akrilismJavis eTerebi CH2=CH poliakrilati (savaWro

COOR dasaxeleba ~pleqsiglazi~)

meTakrilis mJavis CH3 polimeTakrilati (savaWro

CH2=C
eTerebi dasaxeleba ~perspeqsi~
COOR

tetrafToreTileni CF2=CF2 politetraftoreTileni

2. meore jgufs iseTi monomerebi miekuTvneba, romlebsac moleku-laSi
SeuRlebuli bmebi gaaCniaT da maT dienebs uwodeben
 es iseTi monomerebia, sadac erTmagi da ormagi bmebi Tanmimdev-
robiT arian ganlagebuli molekulaSi -CH=CH-CH=CH-. aseTi mo-nomerebi
SeiZleba polimerizacias ganicdidnen rogorc Cveuleb-rivi - alkenebi
CH2=CHX da maSin polimeris rgoli ase gamoiyureba:
X
CH 2 C

CH CH 2 n

 e.i. polimerizacia warimarTeba I da II naxSirbadis atomebs So-ris

ormagi bmebis gaxleCiT, an I da IV naxSirbadis atomebis saSua-lebiT
da maSin aseTi tipis polimeruli rgoli warmoiqmneba:
H 2C C CH CH 2
X n

 dienebs Tanapolimerizaciis unaric aqvT alkenebTan an sxva

dienebTan. dienuri monomerebisagan umTavresad sinTezur elasto-
merebs Rebuloben.
 cxrili
SeuRlebul bmiani monomerebi
monomeris dasaxeleba monomeris struqturuli polimeris dasaxeleba
formula

butadieni CH2=CH-CH=CH2 polibutadieni

poliizopreni (sinTezuri
izopreni H 2C C CH CH 2
elastomeri an nat.
CH 3 kauCuki)
CH 3 CH3 poli-1,2-meTil-butadieni
2,3-dimeTilbutadieni
H 2C C CH 2
meTilkauCuki
C
poliqloropreni (nairiti)
qloropreni H 2C C CH CH 2
Cl

ciklopentadieni HC CH sxvadasxva fisebi

HC CH
C
H2
3. mesame jgufs cikluri aRnagobis monomerebi miekuTvnebian,
rom-lebic erTmagi bmebisagan Sedgebian da romlebic heterojaWvur
polimerebs an Tanapolimerebs warmoqmnian ciklis polimerizaciiT, rac
ciklis gaxsniT xdeba. magaliTad, eTilenis Jangi (oqsirani) ga-nicdis
polimerizacias polioqsieTilenis miRebiT:
n H2C CH2 O CH 2 CH 2
O n

 analogiurad ganicdis polimerizacias propilenis oqsidi, ris Sedegadac

miiReba polioqsipropileni:
CH3

n H 2C CH O CH2 CH

O CH3 n

 sxvadasxva katalizatorebis Tanaobisas heqsaorganociklotri-

siloqsanic ganicdis polimerizacias da miiReba xazovani polidi-
organosiloqsanebi:
R
O
R2Si SiR2
Si O
O O
Si R 3n
R2
4. meoTxe jgufs ki iseTi monomerebi ganekuTvnebian, romlebic fun-
qciur jgufebs Seicavs, an romlebic ar polimerizdebian, magram maT
SeuZliaT polikondensaciis, an adiciuri polimerizaciis reaq-ciebSi
monawileobis miReba maRalmolekuluri naerTebis warmoqm-niT.
magaliTad aseT monomerebs miekuTvnebian:

NH2_(CH2)6_NH2 – diaminebi
HOOC_ (R)n_COOH – dikarbonis mJavebi
HO_ (R)n_OH – glikolebi
O=C=N_R_N=C=O _ diizocianatebi
 polimerebis misaRebad SeiZleba ara marto monomerebis gamoyene-
ba, aramed oligomerebisac. polimerebis sinTezisaTvis oligomere-bis
gamoyenebam sagrZnoblad gaafarTova makromolekulur naerTTa
sinTezuri qimiis SesaZleblobani.
 oligomerebis safuZvelze mrewvelobaSi dRes Rebuloben blok-
Tanapolimerebs, e.i. iseT polimerebs, romlebis makrojaWvebi sxva-
dasxva Tanmimdevruli blokebisagan Sedgebian:
A A (A) A B B (B) B
n n

aseT TanapolimerebSi karbojaWvuri da heterojaWvuri, moqnili da xisti,

hidrofiluri da hidrofoburi polimeruli blokebis Sexa-mebaa SesaZlebeli.
 blok-Tanapolimerebis misaRebad gamoiyeneba Semdegi aRnagobis
organuli martivi da rTuli polieTerebi. magaliTad, martivi da rTuli
polieTerebidan gamoiyeneba, ,-dihidroqsipolieTilen­ glikoli,
polikarbonatebi da ,-diqlor(diamino)diorganosiloq-sanebi:
H O CH 2 CH 2 OH
n
-d i hi d r o qs i po l i eTi l engl i ko l i n=100--50000
O O
HO Ar O C Ar' C O Ar O H
n
-d i hi d r o qs i po l i eTer ebi n s xvad as xvaa

HO Ar O C O Ar OH
O n
-d i hi d r o qs i po l i kar bo nat i n s xvad as xvaa

R R
X Si O Si X
R' n R'
-d i ql o r (d i ami no )po l i d i o r gano s i l o qs ani

n=2-300 (d a met i ); R=R'=Me,Ph; R=Me, R'=Ph, Vin; X=Cl, NR2"