DEMOGRAPHY;

DEMOGRAPHIC
CYCLE AND
TRANSITION
Presented by:
M G Revathi

Guided by:
Dr. Sonali Chaudari Mam
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
01 02 03
Introduction Scope & Significance of Demographic cycle
Demography

04
Concept of Demographic
05
Demographic
transition & its effect Indicators
 01
INTRODUCTION
 DEMOGRAPH
Y
DEFINITION:
Scientific study of human population.

It focuses on:
a) Changes in population size (growth or decline),
b) Composition of the population and,
c) Distribution of population in space.
DEMOGRAPHY

Fertility
Mortality
Marriage
SIZE, COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION
Migration
Morbidity * Strongly related to health status and health services.
 02
SCOPE &
SIGNIFICANCE OF
DEMOGRAPHY
SCOPE OF DEMOGRAPHY
 It is very important for health professionals to
know demographic aspects of the community.
 Information regarding population static: It will
help the health care providers to plan and manage
need based health care services for the community
at large.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF
(1) For the Economy:
DEMOGRAPHY
The study of demography is of immense importance to an economy.
Population studies help us to know how far the growth rate of the economy is keeping pace
with the growth rate of population.
(2) For Society:
Population studies have much importance for the society.
When population is increasing rapidly, the society is faced with innumerable problems.
Shortages of basic services like water, electricity, transport and communications, public
health, education, etc. arise.
 03
DEMOGRAPHIC
CYCLE
DEMOGRAPHIC
CYCLE DECLINING:
HIGH STATIONARY:
High birth and death rate.
Birth rate lower than 5
death rate

4 STAGES EARLY EXPANDING:

LOW STATIONARY:
Decreasing death rate,
Low birth and low death Same birth rate.
rates 2

LATE EXPANDING:
Death rate declines further, Birth
rate tends to fall.
STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC
CYCLE
1. FIRST STAGE: 2. SECOND STAGE:

• High birth rate and • Death rate begins to decline,

• High death rate • Birth rate remains unchanged.

• Population remains stationary • Countries in South Asia, and Africa

• India was in this stage till 1920

 STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC
CYCLE (CONTD…)
3. THIRD STAGE: 4. FOURTH STAGE:

• Death rate declines still further • Low birth rate

• Birth rates tends to fall • Low death rate

• Population continues to grow • Stationary population

• Present India • Most industrialized nations

 STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC
CYCLE (CONTD..)
5. FIFTH STAGE:

• The birth rate falls below death rate

• The population size starts falling
• East European countries like
Germany and Hungary
STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE AND
COMPOSITION OF POPULATION
PROPERTIES I II III IV V

Name High Early Late Low Declining

Stationary Expanding Expanding Stationary

Birth Rate High High Declining Low Low

Death Rate High Declining Declining Low Declining

Demographic Narrow Increasing Narrow Reversal

gap

Population Stationary Growing Stationary Decreasing

Composition Young Young Mixed Ageing

(20 years) (30-40 years) (50 years) (60 years)
Example India before India from India 1991- India 2050 Germany, Italy,
1921 1921-1991 currently USA;UK Spain, Portugal
 04
CONCEPT OF
DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION & ITS
EFFECT
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
• Some countries have undergone ‘Demographic transition’ that is
‘shifting from the stage of high Birth Rate and high Death Rate to a stage
of low BR and low DR.
Ex: UK, Australia, Belgium, etc.

• In this phase, people will have a good quality of life, comfortable living,
peaceful life and the country will progress very fast.
EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
ON POPULATION SIZE
1. Pre-transitional phase: Both the birth and death rates are high and are
equal which cancel each other hence, population remains static.
2. Mid-Transitional Phase: It is characterized by declining death rates and
falling birth rates, here the population continues to grow, however the
birth still exceeds death rate.
3. Late-transitional phase: In this phase death rate is at minimum and there
is no further fall, but the birth rate is decreasing, here the population
grows very slow pace.
EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
(CONTD…)
4. Post-transitional phase: Birth rate and death rate both are at the lowest
and equal with the result that the population becomes stationary.
5. Declining Phase: Population starts declining as the birth rate become
lower than the death rate. Germany and Hungary are undergoing this
stage.
05
DEMOGRAPHIC
INDICATORS
 DEMOGRAPHIC
INDICATORS

Population statistics Vital statistics

POPULATION STATISTICS

Population size Sex ratio Density

Dependency ratio
 POPULATION
STATISTICS
Population size:
Population size is the number of individuals in a population.

Sex ratio:
Sex ratio is defined as "the number of females per 1000 males".

Density:
One of the important indices of population concentration is the density of population.
It is the ratio between (total) population and surface (land) area.
 POPULATION STATISTICS
(CONTD...)
Dependency ratio:
The ratio of the combined age groups 0- 14 years plus 65 years and above to the 15- 65 years
age group is referred to as the total dependency ratio. It is also referred to as the societal
dependency ratio and reflects the need for a society to provide for their younger and older
population groups.

Demographic dividend:
When the ratio of the working-age population is high and the dependency ratio in terms of the
proportion of children and elderly people is low.
VITAL STATISTICS

Birth rate Death rate Natural growth

rate

Life expectancy Maternal Fertility rate

mortality rate
 VITAL STATISTICS
Birth rate:
The birth rate is the ratio between the number of live-born births in the year and the
average total population of that year.

Death rate:
The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year (crude death rate).

Natural growth rate:

The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country is called the
natural growth rate.
 VITAL STATISTICS (CONTD...)
Life expectancy:
The average number of years which a person of that age may
expect to live, according to the mortality pattern prevalent in
that country.

Maternal mortality rate:

Maternal mortality refers to deaths due to complications from
pregnancy or childbirth.

Fertility rate:
It is the “number of live births per 1000 women in the
reproductive age-group (15- 44 or 49 years) in a given year”.
THANKS....!!