Linear Circuit Analysis (EE-111)

Lecture-3
Circuit Elements

Dr. Imtiaz Hussain

Assistant Professor (Control Systems),
Department of Electronic and Power Engineering
PNEC-NUST, Karachi, Pakistan
email: imtiaz.hussain@pnec.nust.edu.pk
URL :http://imtiazhussainkalwar.weebly.com/

Fall 2021
1st Semester

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 Lecture Outline
• Introduction
• Ideal Independent Source
• Ideal Dependent Source
• Example Problems
• Exercise Problems
• Applications Problems

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 Introduction
• An element is the basic building block of a circuit.
• An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the elements.

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 Introduction
• Circuit analysis is the process of determining voltages across (or
the currents through) the elements of the circuit

• There are two types of elements found in electric circuits:

i. Passive elements
ii. Active elements
• An active element is capable of generating energy while a passive
element is not.

• Examples of passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and

inductors.
• Typical active elements include generators, batteries, and
operational amplifiers 4
 Active Elements
• The most important active elements are voltage or current sources that
generally deliver power to the circuit connected to them

• There are two kinds of sources:

• Independent sources
• Dependent sources

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 Ideal Independent Sources
• An ideal independent voltage source delivers to the circuit whatever current is
necessary to maintain its terminal voltage.

• Physical sources such as batteries and generators may be regarded as

approximations to ideal voltage sources.

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 Ideal Independent Sources
• Similarly, an ideal independent current source is an active element
that provides a specified current completely independent of the
voltage across the source.

• That is, the current source delivers to the circuit whatever voltage
is necessary to maintain the designated current.

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 Ideal dependent Sources

• Dependent sources are usually designated by diamond-shaped symbols

• The control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or current of
some other element in the circuit, and the source can be voltage or current

• It follows that there are four possible types of dependent sources, namely:

i. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)

ii. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
iii. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
iv. A current-controlled current source (CCCS)
• The square shape is dependent source and circle represents
Independent source.
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 Ideal dependent Sources
• Dependent sources are useful in modeling elements such as
transistors, operational amplifiers, and integrated circuits

• An example of a current-controlled voltage source is shown below.

• The voltage of the voltage source depends on the current

through element .

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 Ideal dependent Sources
• It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or
independent) will produce any current required to ensure that the
terminal voltage is as stated.

• An ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure

the stated current flow.

• Thus, an ideal source could in theory supply an infinite amount of

energy.

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 Example-3.1
• Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element in Figure below.

• Solution: We apply the sign convention for power calculation.

• For , the current is flowing out of the positive terminal; hence
𝑝 1=𝑉 × 𝐼
𝑝 1=20 ×(− 5)
𝑝 1=− 100 𝑊 ( Supplied Power )

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 Example-3.1
• Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element in Figure below.

• For and , the current flows into the positive terminal, therefore

𝑝 2=𝑉 × 𝐼 =12 ×5=60 𝑊 (Consumed ∨absorbed )

𝑝 3= 𝑉 × 𝐼 = 8 ×6=48 𝑊 ( Consumed ∨absorbed )

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 Example-3.1
• Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element in Figure below.

• For the current is flowing out of the terminal, therefore

𝑝 4 =𝑉 × 𝐼 =8 × 0.2 𝐼

𝑝 4 =8 × 0.2(−5)

𝑝 4 =− 8 𝑊 ( Supplied Power )

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 Example-3.1
• Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element in Figure below.

• We should observe that the independent voltage source and

dependent current source are supplying power to the rest of the
network, while the two passive elements are absorbing power.

• Also
𝑝 1 +𝑝 4 + 𝑝2 +𝑝 3 =−100+ 60+ 48 − 8= 0

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 Application Problem-3.1
• One important application of the motion of electrons is found in both
the transmission and reception of TV signals.

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 Application Problem-3.1
• The electron beam in a TV picture tube carries electrons per second. As a
design engineer, determine the voltage needed to accelerate the electron
beam to achieve .

• Solution: The charge on an electron is

− 19
𝑒=− 1.6 ×10 𝐶

• If the number of electrons is , then total charge/second is

𝑑𝑞 𝑑 (𝑛𝑒 )
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑛
𝑖=𝑒
𝑑𝑡
−19 15
𝑖=−1.6 ×10 ×10
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 Application Problem-3.1
• The negative sign indicates that the current flows in a direction
opposite to electron flow as shown in Figure below.

• The beam power is

𝑝=𝑉 𝑜 𝑖
𝑝
𝑉 𝑜=
𝑖
4
𝑉 𝑜= −4
−1.6 × 10
𝑉 𝑜=25,000 𝑉
• Thus, the required voltage is .
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 Application Problem-3.2
• A homeowner consumes in January. Determine the electricity bill for
the month using the following residential rate schedule:
– Base monthly charge of .
– First per month at .
– Next per month at .
– Over per month at .

• Solution: We calculate the electricity bill as follows

Base monthly charge
First 100 kWh @ $0.16/k Wh
Next 200 kWh @ $0.10/k Wh
Remaining 400 kWh @ $0.06/k Wh
Total Charges

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 Exercise Problems
1. Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element in Figure
below.

2. If an electron beam in a TV picture tube carries electrons/second and is

passing through plates maintained at a potential difference of ,
calculate the power in the beam. (Answer: ).

3. A Karachi homeowner with three phase connection consumes 600 𝑘𝑊ℎ

in one month. Determine the electricity bill as per KE tariff.
https://www.ke.com.pk/customer-services/tariff-structure/
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END OF LECTURE-3

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