101-2 Normal plain X-ray film of the abdomen,

demonstrating soft tissue densities.

101-4 Normal plain X-ray film of the abdomen,
demonstrating soft tissue densities.
102-1 Normal plain X-ray film of the abdomen
demonstrating the bowel gas pattern.
 Large vs. Small Bowel


Large Bowel

Peripheral

Haustral markings don't
extend from wall to wall

Small Bowel

Central

Valvulae extend across
lumen

Maximum diameter of 2"
This is a normal plain
X-ray abdomen in the
supine position

In supine X-rays
of the abdomen
we look for:
 Free air
 Air-fluid levels
 Gas in
stomach

Gas in a few
loops of
small bowel

Stomach: Always
Small Bowel: Gas in
Two or three loops rectum or
of non-distended
sigmoid
bowel
Normal diameter = 2.5
cm = 1 US quarter
Large Bowel: In
rectum or sigmoid
– almost always
Normal Gas Pattern
 Always
air/fluid level
in stomach

A few
air/fluid
levels in
small bowel

Stomach:
Always (except
supine film)
Small Bowel:
Two or three
levels possible
Large Bowel: Erect Abdomen
None normally
 Normal barium
swallow

 The esophagus have a

smooth outline. No
persistently narrowed
areas are seen.
 Peristalsis can be
observed on screening
the patient.
 The whole examination
can be recorded on
video if necessary
(video-swallow Lateral view: The course and diameter of the esophagus
examination). are normal, the longitudinal mucosal folds are regular
301-1 NORMAL ANATOMY of Oesophagus-
Double contrast study
IMAGING TECHNIQUES - Biliary
Ducts.
Normal Oral
cholecystography
714-4 PERCUTANEOUS TRANSHEPATIC
CHOLANGIOGRAPHY (PTC):
714-5 ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
714-6 T-TUBE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY
Normal T-tube
cholangiography
714-7 OPERATIVE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY
A. IVC,
intrahepatic
portion
B. Liver,
Caudate
lobe
C. Fissure for
the ligam-
entum
venosum
D. Liver Lateral
segment of
left lobe
H. Crus of
right
diaphragm
I. Crus of left
diaphragm
J. Spleen

801-5 Normal CT of the Upper Abdomen.

N. Gallbladder
O. Stomach
P. Lesser sac
Q. Pancreas,
body
R. SMA
S. SMV
T. Aorta
U. IVC
V. Left
kidney
W. Porta
hepatis
X. Splenic
flexure
Y. Right
adrenal
gland

801-8 Normal CT of the Upper Abdomen.

F. Right portal
vein
G. Ligamentum
teres
I. Liver - medial
segment left
lobe
J. Liver - anterior
segment right
lobe
K. Liver – posterior
segment right
lobe
M. Spleen
N. Liver, caudate
lobe
O. Pancreas, tail
P. Pancreas, body
Q. Pancreas, head
R. Portal

confluence
802-2 MRI of the Upper
S. Splenic vein Abdomen- Axial T1W images
D. Portal vein/ E. Superior mesenteric vein/ F. Liver/
G. Stomach/ H. Spleen/ I. Splenic vein

802-5 MRI abdomen- Coronal T1W images

US431-3 Endorectal sonography- Five layers are seen
sonographically the hyperechoic layers are the balloon-
mucosa interface, submucosa, and the muscularis
propria/perirectal fat interface, while the hypoechoic layers
are the muscularis mucosa and the muscularis propria
US431-2 Transrectal ultrasound images are taken radially
(axial projection) in segmental fashion from the anus
upwards. The prostate (P) is noted anterior to the rectum.
A hypoechoic crescentic thickening of the right
anterolateral rectal wall is identified (arrowheads).