The Chi-Square test

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DATA

QUALIT QUANTI
ATIVE TATIVE

CHI
SQUARE
T-TEST
TEST
• The most obvious difference between the
chi‑square tests and the other hypothesis
tests we have considered (T test) is the
nature of the data.
• For chi‑square, the data are frequencies
rather than numerical scores.

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 Chi-squared Tests
 test
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• For testing significance of patterns in

qualitative data.
• Test statistic is based on counts that
represent the number of items that fall in
each category
• Test statistics measures the agreement
between actual counts(observed) and
expected counts assuming the null hypothesis
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CHI SQUARE FORMULA:
 Chi square distribution
(0 - E)2
2 = -------------
E

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 Applications of Chi-square
test:
1. Goodness-of-fit
2. The 2 x 2 chi-square test (contingency
table, four fold table)
3. The a x b chi-square test (r x c chi-square
test)

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Steps of CHI hypothesis testing
• 1. Data :counts or proportion.
• 2. Assumption: random sample selected
from a population.
• 3. HO :no sign. Difference in proportion
• no significant association.
• HA: sign. Difference in proportion
• significant association.

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• 4. level of sign.
• df 1st application=k-1(k is no. of groups)
• df 2nd &3rd application=(column-1)(row-1)
• IN 2nd application(conengency table)
• Df=1, tab. Chi= 3.841 always
• Graph is one side (only +ve)

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• 5. apply appropriate test of significance

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• 6. Statistical decision & 7. Conclusion
• Calculated chi <tabulated chi
• P>0.05
• Accept HO,(may be true)
• If calculated chi> tabulated chi
• P<0.05
• Reject HO& accept HA.

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 The Chi-Square Test for
Goodness-of-Fit
• The chi-square test for goodness-of-fit uses
frequency data from a sample to test
hypotheses about the shape or proportions of a
population.
• The data, called observed frequencies, simply
count how many individuals from the sample are
in each category.

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 Example
• Eye colour in a sample of 40
• Blue 12,brown 21,green 3,others 4
• Eye colour in population
• Brown 80%
• Blue 10%
• Green 2%
• Others 8%
• Is there any difference between proportion of
sample to that of population .use α0.05
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Observed counts(frequency)
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 Expected counts(frequency)
• Expected blue10/100*40=4
• Expected brown=80/100*40=32
• Expexcted green=2/100*40=0.8
• Expected others=8/100*40=3

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1. Data
• Represents the eye colour of 40 person in
the following distribution
• Brown=21 person,blue=12
person,green=3,others=4

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 2. Assumption
• Sample is randomly selected from the
population.

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 3. Hypothesis
• Null hypothesis: there is no significant
difference in proportion of eye colour of
sample to that of the population.
• Alternative hypothesis: there is significant
difference in proportion of eye colour of
sample to that of the population.

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4. Level of significance; (α =0.05);

• 5% Chance factor effect area

• 95% Influencing factor effect area
• d.f.(degree of freedom)=K-1;
(K=Number of subgroups)
• =4-1=3
• D.f. for 0.5=7.81

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 Accept Ho

Influencing
factor Reject Ho
effect
area 95%

5% Chance factor
• 7.81
effect area 5%
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5. Apply a proper test of
significance
(0 - E)2
2 = -------------
E

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CHI SQUARE FORMULA:
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(O1 – E1)2 (O2 – E2)2 (O3 – E3)2 (O4 – E4)2

= --------------- + --------------- + --------------- + ---------------
E1 E2 E3 E4

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Observed counts(frequency)
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 Expected counts(frequency)
• Expected blue=10/100*40=4
• Expected brown=80/100*40=32
• Expexcted green=2/100*40=0.8
• Expected others=8/100*40=3

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• =(12-4)² (21-32)² (3-0.8)² (4-3)²
• ------------ +---------- +----------- + --------
• 4 32 0.8 3

• =(64/4) + (121/32)+(4.8/0.8)+(1/3)
• =16+3.78+6+0.3=
• Calculated chi =26.08

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 Accept Ho

Influencing
factor Reject Ho
effect
area 95%

5% Chance factor
• 7.81
effect area 5%
26.08
 6. Statistical decision
• Calculated chi> tabulated chi
• P<0.5

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 7. Conclusion
• We reject H0 &accept HA: there is
significant difference in proportion of eye
colour of sample to that of the population.

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 Applications of Chi-square
test:
1. Goodness-of-fit
2. The 2 x 2 chi-square test (contingency
table, four fold table)
3. The a x b chi-square test (r x c chi-square
test)

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 The Chi-Square Test for
Independence
• The second chi-square test, the chi-
square test for independence, can be
used and interpreted in two different ways:
1. Testing hypotheses about the
relationship between two variables in
a population, or(2×2)
2. Testing hypotheses about
differences between proportions for two or
more populations.(a×b)
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 The Chi-Square Test for
Independence (cont.)

• The data, called observed frequencies,

simply show how many individuals from
the sample are in each cell of the matrix.
• The null hypothesis for this test states that
there is no relationship between the two
variables; that is, the two variables are
independent.

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2× 2 chi square (contingency table )
 The Chi-Square Test for
Independence (cont.)
The calculation of chi-square is the same for all
chi-square tests:

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CHI SQUARE FORMULA:
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2 application
nd
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Example
• A total 1500 workers on 2 operators(A&B)
• Were classified as deaf & non-deaf
according to the following table.is there
association between deafness & type of
operator .let α 0.05

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 2 test

Result
not
Operator deaf deaf. total

A 100 900 1000

B 60 440 500

total 160 1340 1500

 2 test

Resul
t
not
Operato deaf total
deaf.
r
A 100 900 1000

B 60 440 500

total 160 1340 1500

Total number of items=1500

Total number of defective items=160
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 2 test

Resul
t
not
Operato def total
def.
r
A 100 900 1000

B 60 440 500

total 160 1340 1500

Expected deaf from Operator A

= 1000 * 160/1500 = 106.7
(expected not deaf=1000-106.7=893.3)
Expected deaf from Operator B
= 500 * 160/1500 = 53.3
 2 test

Resul
t
not
Operato def total
def.
r
A 100 900 1000

B 60 440 500

total 160 1340 1500

Expecte
d not
Operato def total
def.
rA 106.7 893.3

B 53.3 446.7

total
 1. Data
• Represent 1500 workers,1000 on operator
A 100 of them were deaf while 500 on
operator B 60 of them were deaf

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 2. Assumption
• Sample is randomly selected from the
population.

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 3. Hypothesis
• HO: there is no significant association
between type of operator & deafness.
• HA:there is significant association
between type of operator & deafness.

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4. Level of significance; (α =
0.05);
• 5% Chance factor effect area
• 95% Influencing factor effect area
• d.f.(degree of freedom)=(r-1)(c-1)
=(2-1)(2-1)=1
• D.f. 1 for 0.05=3.841

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 Accept Ho

Influencing
factor Reject Ho
effect
area 95%

5% Chance factor
• 3.841
effect area 5%
5. Apply a proper test of
significance
2
(0 - E)
 = -------------
2

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(O1 – E1)2 (O2 – E2)2 (O3 – E3)2 (O4 – E4)2

= --------------- + --------------- + --------------- + ---------------
E1 E2 E3 E4

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• =(100-106.7)² ( 900-893.3)² (60-53.3)²
• --------------- + ---------------- + --------------
• 106.7 893.3 53.3
• +(440-446.7)²
• ---------------=
• 446.7
• =0.42+0.05+o.84+0.10
• =1.41
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 Accept Ho

Influencing
factor Reject Ho
effect
area 95%

5% Chance factor
• 3.841
effect area 5%
1.41
 6. Statistical decision
• Calculated chi< tabulated chi
• P>0.5

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 7. Conclusion
• We accept H0
• HO may be true
• There is no significant association
between type of operator & deafness.

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 Applications of Chi-square
test:
1. Goodness-of-fit
2. The 2 x 2 chi-square test (contingency
table, four fold table)
3. The a x b chi-square test (r x c chi-square
test)

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  2 test

ₓ
a b
SA A NO D SD
Gr 1 12 18 4 8 12
Gr2 48 22 10 8 10
Gr3 10 4 12 10 12
Degree of freedom

The d.f depends on colunms number & rows number.

or (r-1 ) (c-1)
i.e. if 3 row ,4 colunms
Df=(3-1)(4-1)
df =6
If 3 rows,3 colunms
Df=(3-1)(3-1)
Df=4
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Yates Correction
• When we apply 2x2 chi-square test and
one of the expected cells was <5
• Or when we apply axb chi-square test and
one of the expected cells was <2,
• Or when the grand total is <40
• we have to apply Yates' correction
formula;

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• (/0 - E/ - 0.5 )2
• YATES =
∑ -------------------------------------

• E

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Note
• When 2x2 chi-square test have a zero
cell (one of the four cells is zero) we can
not apply chi-square test because we have
what is called a complete dependence
criteria.
• But for axb chi-square test and one of
the cells is zero when can not apply the
test unless we do proper categorization to
get rid of the zero cell.
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12 0 3 12 3
 Or

5 6 7 11 7

12 0 3 12 3


5 6 7 5 13

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