NETWORKING-IP Hansika Mannapperuma

ADDRESSING & B.Sc in IT(UG)

0768961322
SUBNETS
IP(Internet Protocol) Address

Every device connected to the internet has a unique identifier called an IP address.
There are two versions of IP Addresses- IP V4 & IPV6 .

IP V4 IP V6
32 bits address(4 decimal numbers 128 bits address(8 hexadecimal numbers
separated by dots) separated by colons)
Ex-145.10.215.77 Ex-53ab:7eab:…………:3531 10100000
000030

An Octet is a group of 8 binary digits.

IP addresses and subnet mask is made of 4 octets.(4*8=32bits)
00000000
11111111=255
We are using IP V4 in this lesson. 100000000=256
Ex-145.10.215.77(decimal format of the ip address) 255=11111111
10010001.00001010.11010111.01010111(binary formart) 256=100000000
 Mark the valid ip addresses
1) 10.127.35.10
2) 110.256.210.130
3) 192.192.192.192
4) 6.7.8
5) 10.20.30.50
6)16.216.72.1.2

SUBNET MASK
An IP address has two components. The network address and the host address.
The Subnet Mask separates the network address into network portion and host portion (<network> <host>).
Write the binary format of the following subnet masks. And find the number of computer in the network.
i. 255.255.192.0- 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
ii. 255.252.0.0-11111111.1111100.00000000.00000000
iii. 255.255.240.0-11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
iv. 255.255.255.248-11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
EXAMPLE
216.3.128.12 is a computer in a network, it’s subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
Ip: 1101 1000.0000 0011.1000 0000.0000 1100 (216.3.128.12) Bitwise and
Mask: 1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 0000 (255.255.255.0)
1101 1000.0000 0011.1000 0000.0000 0000 (216.3.128.0)
1st address is called the network address and last address is called broadcasting address.
216.3.128.0 Network IP address
IP Range
216.3.128.1 1st computer 216.3.128.0 – 216.3.128.255
Usable IP Range
216.3.128.2 2nd computer 216.3.128.1 – 216.3.128.254

…………….
1.0=0
216.3.128.12 0.1=0
……………… 0.0=0
1.1=1
216.3.128.254 last computer
216.3.128.255 Broadcasting IP address
Example
150.133.16.7 is a computer connected to a large network with the subnet mask 255.255.0.0
a) Find the network address
b) What is the broadcasting address?
0.0
c) How many computers can be attached to the network? 0.1
0.2
d) Which is the IP range for this network?
0.255
e) Usable ip range . 1.0
1.255
CIDR Notation(classless inter domain routing) 2.0
2.255
192.168.1.0/24 (this is CIDR notation.24 is the number of ones in the subnet mask) 254.255
255.0
Mask: 1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 0000 (24 ones)
255.254
f) What is the network address? 255.255
11
g) What is the broadcasting address? 12
18
h) No of host that can be connected? 19
20
29
Number of computers in a network id decided by the subnet mask.(that is the number of zeros in the
subnet mask to the power 2 and minus 2)
example 255.255.255.0
1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 0000
No of computers will be 2 8 -2=256-2=254 computers

Standard CIDR No of host 4th octet value

255.255.255.0 /24 254 0000 0000
255.255.255.128 /25 126 1000 0000
255.255.255.192 /26
/27
/28
/29
/30
Example-192.168.45.55/26
a) Find the network address
b) What is the broadcasting address?
c) How many computers can be attached to the network?
d) Which is the IP range for this network?

IP V4 CLASSES
IP classes provide a default mask based on the number in the first octet.
SWITCH & ROUTERS
A switch is used to connect computers in the same network (network address is same in all the
machines)
A router is used to connect computers in different networks (network address is different)
Switch creates networks , routers connect networks.
Name the device used to connect the following.(switch or a router)
a) 192.11.5.3/24 & 192.11.5.205/24
If the network addresses are same you can use a
b) 192.115.7.9/24 & 192.115.8.10/24 Switch to connect them. If the network addresses
Are different you have to use a router
c) 170.150.22.0/16 & 170.150.32.1/16
d) 150.65.110.22/17 & 150.65.10.217/17 150.65.
e) 10.8.175.5/8 & 10.9.175.6/8
f) 192.225.55.18/26 & 192.225.55.88/26
g) 10.170.5.6/10 & 10.75.6.17/10
h) 172.16.5.111/22 & 172.18.6.110/22
Public IP addresses and Private IP addresses
IP V4 allows 4.3 Billion IP addresses only, because scarcity of IP V4 addresses, many
organizations have implemented NAT(Network Address Translation) to map multiple private IP
addresses to a single public IP V4 address.
Public IP addresses are valid addresses over the internet. Network Information Center(NIC)
responsible for registering public IP addresses. One public address cannot be duplicated in the
internet.
Any resource (ISP, Web server, router) in the internet requires a public IP address.
Private IP addresses are allocated for private TCP/IP Networks. Private IP addresses are not
allowed In internet.
(private IPs cant directly connect to the internet)
Private Network Address Subnet Mask Network address range
10.0.0.0/8 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0/12 255.240.0.0 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0/16 255.255.0.0 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
NAT server(network address translator)
SUBNETTING
A network with class C IP address has maximum 254 computers with the subnet mask
255.255.255.0 But a class C network can be divided into 4 subnets by using the subnet
mask.192.130.70.0

11000000.10000010.01000110.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
11000000.10000010.01000110.00000000
.00 111111
.01000000
.01111111
.10000000
.10111111
.11000000
.11111111
A network with class C IP address has maximum 254 computers with the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 But a class C
network can be divided into 8 subnets by using the subnet mask.224.170.70.0