Stainless Steel

N VELLIYANGIRI

LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED

Knowledge Sharing - Materials

Non
Ferrous
Cr-Mo-
V
Stainless Steel

CS /
LAS
Material Classifi
 Agenda

Material Classification

Classification & Properties of SS

Austenitic & Ferritic SS

Super Austenitic SS
 Material Classification

Material classification
Materials

Non Corrosive
Corrosive Service
Service

Corrosion Resistant
Stainless Material
Steel Cryogenic Temp
Integrally ( -250
Applied - -100˚ C)
Cladding

Protective Lining Low

Sheet
Temp
/ Strip
( -100
Cladding
- 0˚ C)
Non Ferrous Materials

Intermediate
WeldTemp
Overlay
( 0 - 425˚ C)

Elevated Temp ( Above 425˚ C)

STAINLESS STEEL
 General Properties

General Properties

Alloy of Cr and Fe (Cr: 11-30%)

Advantages

Corrosion Resistance – Increase the life and safety

Strength at elevated Temp

Oxidation Resistance at elevated Temp

High Impact strength at Cryogenic Temp

 General Properties

Passivation
CLASSIFICATION
 Classification

Classification
Stainless Steel

Ferritic Stainless SteelStraight Cr Group

(Cr up to 30 % )
400 Series
400
Austenitic Stainless SteelCr – Ni Group
Group - I
(Cr – 18 %; Ni – 8 %)
300 Series
300
Martensitic Stainless Steel Group - II
Cr – Ni – Mn Group
(Mn --->Ni)
Duplex Stainless Steel Group - III 200 Series
200

Precipitation Hardened SS
PROPERTIES
 Properties

Stainless Steel - Properties

Stainless Steel - Properties

Ferritic SS Austenitic SS Martensitic SS Duplex SS

Non Hardenable Non Hardenable Hardenable

Hardenable Non Hardenable
By HT By HT By
By HT
HT By HT

Magnetic Non
Non Magnetic
Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic
 304

515
316

515
321

515
347

329 515
620

410S
415
Mechanical Properties

202
620
UTS (MPa)

Inconel 625
827

SA 516 Gr 70
485

SA 387 Gr 11
690

SA 387 Gr 22
690

SA 182 F22 V
780
Properties
Mechanical Properties
% Elongation
40 40 40 40 40

30

22 21 22
18 18
15

4 6 1 7 9 2
30 31 32 34 32 1 0S 20 6 25 r 70 r 11 r 22 22V
4 l 7G
n e 6 G
8 87G 82F
co 51 A
3 3 1
In SA S SA SA
Corrosion Properties
PREN

51

35
28
20 19 19 19
13

304 316 321 347 329 410S 202 Inconel

625
 Properties

Properties - Summary

Grade Yield Tensile % Elong Cr Ni Mo Mn V PREN

304 205 515 40 20 10.5 20
316 205 515 40 18 14 3 28
321 205 515 40 19 12 19
347 205 515 40 19 13 19
329 485 620 15 28 5 2 35
410S 205 415 22 13.5 0.6 13
202 260 620 40 19 6 10 19
Inconel 625 414 827 30 23 58 8 51
SA 516 Gr 70 260 485 21
SA 387 Gr 11 310 690 22 1.25 0.5
SA 387 Gr 22 310 690 18 2.25 1
SA 182 F22 V 415 780 18 2.25 1 0.25
Sensitization

To resist corrosion, a steel must posses min 12 % Cr.

At high temp (425-870 oC) Carbon molecules diffuse to the

grain boundaries

Reacts with Cr and Precipitates as Cr4C – depletion of Cr

Cr falls below 12%.

 Properties

Sensitization

Corrosion begins at grain boundaries – Intergranular

Corrosion

Poor Cr envelope is anodic with respect to rest of grain –

Galvanic Corrosion
 AUSTENITIC
STAINLESS STEEL
 Austenitic SS

Heighlights

Posses FCC Structure

Greater Ductility in SS Family

Greater Corrosion Resistance as compared to Ferritic SS

Sensitization - IGC

Stress Corrosion Cracking

Pitting Corrosion – safe up to 100 ppm

Heighlights – Ductile Brittle Transition

When the temperature falls the failure mode of certain

materials changes from ductile to brittle
 Heighlights – Ductile Brittle Transition

Energy Absorbed FCC Materials

BCC Materials

Temperature

Exibits almost same Ductility even at -196˚C (Elongation – 35%)

Classification

Austenitic Stainless Steel

Group - I Prone to Sensitization

Group - II Immunized

Group - III Low Carbon

Classification
Group - I

Sensitization may be encountered by Welding/Flame

MP
cutting Cb Carbide Dissolves
Cr Carbide Dissolves
1200
Desensitization – Full Solution
Cb Carbide Annealing
Precipitates
Cr Carbide Dissolves
790 ° C to dissolve carbides and quenching rapidly
Heating above 870
Cr Carbide Precipitates
510
Operating Temperature stay below 425 °C
No Reaction
Classification
Group - II

Alloying elements like Ti, Cb have higher affinity to carbon

than Cr

Forms carbides in preference to Cr

These carbides dispersed throughout metal

Operating temperature above 425°C

347(Cb) is superior than 321(Ti)

Classification
Group - II

Can be re sensitized by heating above 1220 o C and cooling

rapidly – Knife edge attack
MP
Cb Carbide Dissolves
Cr Carbide Dissolves
1200
Cb Carbide Precipitates
Cr Carbide Dissolves
790
Cr Carbide Precipitates
510
No Reaction
 Classification

MP
Cb Carbide Dissolves
Cr Carbide Dissolves
1200
Cb Carbide Precipitates
Cr Carbide Dissolves
790
Cr Carbide Precipitates
510
No Reaction Cr C Cr C Cb C Cr
 Austenitic SS

Classification
Group - III

Extra low carbon grades (<=0.03%) like 304L, 316L

Low carbon – Low strength

Re sensitized if temp remains 425 - 815°C for prolonged
period of time

Limited up to 425°C

Expensive because of difficulty and cost of removing of

carbon
 FERRITIC
STAINLESS
STEEL
 Ferritic SS

Heighlights

Straight Cr Groups

BCC in Structure

Exhibits lower Ductility

Greater High temperature oxidation resistance as

compared to austenitic SS
Heighlights

Shows Ductile – Brittle Transition

450°C Embrittlement - Toughness is reduced when heated

to 400 – 480°C due to the precipitation of Cr rich ferrite

Poor Corrosion Resistance

 Corrosion Resistance

Source: Essential Guide to Ferritic SS by ISSF

Corrosion Resistance

Exhibits lower corrosion Resistance (For 410S PREN – 13)

Pitting propagates 3-4 times faster than Austenitic SS

 Ferritic SS

Corrosion Resistance

Test Conditions: Marine Industrial atmosphere at Chiba,

Tokyo, Japan (10m from a bay bigger than Melbourne Bay)
Samples polished to #600 grit. Exposed for 12 months.
SUPER AUSTENITIC
STAINLESS STEEL
 Super Austenitic SS

Inconel Vs Austenitic SS

Tensile strength in Yield strength in

Material % Elongation
Ksi (MPa) Ksi (MPa)

516 Gr 70 70-90 (485-620) 38 (295) 21

304/316/321/347 75 (515) 30 (205) 40

304L/316L 70 (485) 20 (170) 40

Inconel 625 100-120 (690-827) 40-60 (276-414) 30

 Super Austenitic SS

Improvements in strength
Solid solution of C - Carbon goes to the octahedral interstitial
voids of iron matrix, and strengthens the matrix.
 Super Austenitic SS

Improvements in strength
Atomic Radii
Elements Atomic radii (Ao)
Fe 1.24
Cr/Ni 1.25
C 0.77
N 0.71

N is small in size as compared to C /Fe /Ni /Cr and can occupy

the interstitial sites of Fe matrix.
 Super Austenitic SS

Improvements in strength

Solubility of N in FCC is 2.4% and in BCC is 0.1% at 1100 oC.

These alloys fall beyond the normal austenitic ranges of Cr-

Ni constitution diagram and are thus referred as Super
Austenitic Stainless Steel.
 Super Austenitic SS

Improvements in Pitting resistance

Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number for SS

PREN = %Cr + 3.3%Mo + 16% N

7% of Mo is added, where as in stainless steel it is null

Unfortunately N solubility is limited by Ni content.

Max amount of N (0.6%) is added
 Super Austenitic SS

Composition

In SS In Incoloy Reasons

N - 0.6% 1. Improves strength

2. Improves Pitting resistance
3. Suppresses the formation of sigma phase
Mo - 7% 1. Improves Pitting resistance
3% -316

Cr 18-20% 27% 1. Improves Pitting resistance

2. Resistant to oxidizing environment
3. Increases the solubility of N
Ni 8% 24% 1. Suppresses the formation of sigma
Phase
2. Improves Stress corrosion cracking
3. Costly and the level kept low.
 Super Austenitic SS

Strength comparison
Material Tensile strength Yield strength in % Elongation
in Ksi (MPa) Ksi (MPa)

516 Gr 70 70-90 (485-620) 38 (295) 22

304/316/321/347 75 (515) 30 (205) 40

304L/316L 70 (485) 20 (170) 40

100-120 (690-
Inconel 625 40-60 (276-414) 51
827)
SA 240 UNS
650 300 35
S31254

SA 240 UNS
109 (750) 61 (420) 35
S31266
Thank You