or lines of dissimilar genotype is called hybridization. • In plant hybridization, one of the plants is taken as the female plant and the other as the male plant. • Pollen grains from the male parent are made to pollinate the stigma of the flowers of the female parent. • The seeds obtained from such a cross are called F1 hybrid seeds and the progeny raised from it is called F1 (First Filial) generation. Conti….
• The chief objective of hybridization is to
create variation. • When two genotypically different plant are crossed, the genes from both the parents are brought together in F1. • Segregation and recombination produce many new genes combination in F2 and subsequent generations. • The degree of variation produced in F2 depends on the number of heterozygous genes in F1. Objectives of hybridization
A. Combination Breeding: Combination breeding is the transfer of one
or more characters from other varieties to a particular variety. These characters may be oligogenic or polygenic. In this way, genes for disease resistance, quality traits etc can be transferred. B. Transgressive Breeding: Transgressive breeding is based on transgressive variation of characters in segregating generations like F 2. A cross is made between two strains of plants and the F2 is screened for transgressive variations. Transgressive segregation is the segregation of characters beyond the parental limits, in the segregating generations like F2. C. Production of Hybrids: Hybrid (F1) plants show higher vigor and yield when compared to parents, in some cases. This phenomenon is called hybrid vigor. F1 seeds can be raised in bulk through hybridization and distributed directly for cultivation, especially in cross-pollinating crops. Types of hybridization Based on the genetic difference between parents, hybridization can be classified into: 1. Inter-varietal Hybridization 2. Distant Hybridization Inter-varietal hybridization The cross between the members of the same species (intra-specific) is called inter-varietal hybridization. In this type of hybridization, different cross patterns can be used. •Simple Cross: In this case, two parents are used to produce an F1 hybrid.it is also called single cross. Parent A × Parent B F1 hybrid •Complex Crosses: In complex crosses, more than two parents are involved. Such crosses can be called convergent crosses since they bring genes from different sources together.eg, Three way cross F1 (A × B) × C Double cross F1 (A × B) × F1(C × D) Conti….
Distant hybridization
• Hybridization between the
members of different species or hybridization beyond species level is called distant hybridization. Thus, it may be interspecific (intra- generic) or inter-generic. When conventional methods of hybridization fails, para-sexual methods are used in such cases.
• Para-sexual hybridization is the technique of fusing somatic
protoplasts when reproductive cells fail to fuse or fertilize. History of plant hybridization
1717: Thomas Fairchild: Developed first Inter specific hybrid between
sweet William and Carnation Species of Dianthus popularly known as Fair Child’s mule. 1800-1835: Knight T.A (England): First used Artificial Hybridization in Fruit Crops. 1866: Mendel G.J (Austria): published his discoveries in “Experiments in plant hybridization”, cumulating in the formulation of laws of inheritance in garden pea and discovery of unit factors (genes). 1890: Rimpu (Sweden): First made inheritance cross between bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rye (Secale cereale), which later on gave birth to triticale. 1917: Jones: developed first commercial hybrid maize 1927: Karpencheko: developed first intergeneric hybrid between Radish and Cabbage in Russia. Procedure of hybridization Set up your objective
• Objective of hybridization should be set before the
hybridization programme. • It will help in selection of parents. • If our goal is development of high yielding resistant variety, then we need to select one of the parent that is high yielding and another one is resistance to particular disease. Selection of parents
• The choice of the parents depends on
the objective of the crosses. • In combination breeding, the genetic diversity of the parents is not important. In the case of transgressive breeding, genetically diverse plants are selected as parents. • If the characteristics of the parents are not completely known, they are evaluated for the agronomic features. Evaluation of parents
• In case of parents which are
new to the region they must be evaluated foe there adaptability. • Further to ensure homozygosity, they must be evaluated. Emasculation
• Emasculation is the removal of
immature anthers from a bisexual flower. • Depending upon the crop species, the method of emasculation differ. • Normal practice is hand emasculation. Bagging
• The emasculated inflorescences of
female plants are covered using butter paper bags or cloth bags. • However, in the case of cross-pollinated crops, male plants may also be bagged if desired, so as to avoid pollen mixture. • The bags are removed 2-3 days after pollination. Tagging
• Emasculated flowers are tagged
properly after bagging. • Circular or rectangular tags may be used. • Details of the cross, date of emasculation, date of pollination and the number of flowers emasculated must be noted on the tag. • Carbon pencil or permanent ink may be used for tagging. Pollination
• Mature, fertile and viable pollen
grains are collected from the male parent and dusted on the stigma of the female parent. • Care should be taken to see that the pollen grains are dusted at the optimum stage of viability. Harvesting F1 seeds • Crossed seeds are harvested carefully and stored to raise the F1 generation. • Further handling of the hybrids depends on the objective of the cross. • In the case of hybrid seed production, the F1 seeds are directly released to farmers. • In the case of combination breeding and transgressive breeding, F2 is raised and the most appropriate solution program is used. • Harvest of crossed seeds must be done on individual plant basis • Seeds collected from individual plants are to be stored in appropriate containers with proper label and stored. THE END