Motion of a charged particle in electric and magnetic fields

The force F acting on a particle of electric charge q with instantaneous velocity v, due
to an external electric field E and magnetic field B, is given by the Lorentz equation:

        
F  q ( E  v  B )  qE  qv  B  F E  F B

Electric force : FE = qE Magnetic force: FB = qv × B

A positively charged particle will be accelerated in the same linear orientation

as the E field
but
will curve perpendicularly to both the instantaneous velocity vector v and the
B field according to the right-hand rule
Magnetic force: FB = qv × B
Magnetic force FB is perpendicular to velocity

does not contribute to acceleration FB  v  FB does no work on the particle

 can be used for focussing and guiding

 B determines curvature of trajectory: mv2 /r = qBv 

 r =mv/qB
 Electric force FE = qE
• component parallel to velocity: acceleration

• component perpendicular to velocity: focussing and guiding

• E  determines curvature of trajectory : mv2 /r = qE  r

=mv2 /qE

Only FE can increase the particle energy

but
Perpendicular component of FE or FB can deflect the beam

FE or FB for deflection? Assume v  c  Bending by Magnetic field

of 1 T (feasible) same bending by electric field requires 3108 V/m
(NOT feasible)

FB is by far the most effective in order to change the

particle direction
 Acceleration techniques

Linear accelerators:

• electrostatic
• radio-frequency (RF) electric field
• induction (pulsed EM field)
• particles focussed by accelerating field or separate magnetic
and electric fields

Circular accelerators:
• RF electric field
• induction
• particles guided and focussed by magnetic fields
 Circular accelerators:

• Betatron

• Cyclotron

• Synchro-cyclotron

• Isochronous cyclotron

• Synchrotron

• Storage ring
 Cyclotron (1931)

• Lawrence and Livingston

• inspired by Widerö linac: “wound-up” linac

A cyclotron is a machine
used to accelerate charged
particles to high energies.
The first cyclotron was built
by Ernest Orlando Lawrence
and his graduate student, M.
Stanley Livingston, at the
University of California,
Berkley, in the early 1930's.
A cyclotron consists of two D-shaped metallic cavities sandwiched between two
electromagnets.
A radioactive source is placed in the center of the cyclotron and the electromagnets are turned
on.
The radioactive source emits charged particles. It just so happens that a magnetic field can bend
the path of a charged particle so, if everything is just right, the charged particle will circle around
inside the D-shaped cavities. However, this doesn't accelerate the particle.

In order to do that, the two D-shaped cavities have to be hooked up to a radio wave generator.
This generator gives one cavity a positive charge and the other cavity a negative charge. After a
moment, the radio wave generator switches the polarity the cavities.
The polarity switches back and forth as long as the radio wave generator is on. It is this
switching of charges that accelerates the particle.
If the amplitude of the oscillating radio wave applied to D is V. Then energy gained by the one
(in each cycle) when it come in vacant space between the D = qV
When the ions will be inside the cavity it’s will not change as D are metallic they will act as
 Cyclotron Frequency
mv2 /r = qBv
 r/v =m/qB

The static magnetic field is

applied in perpendicular
direction to the electrode plane,
enabling particles to re-
encounter the accelerating
voltage many times at the same
phase.[1] To achieve this, the
voltage frequency must match
the particle's cyclotron
resonance frequency

f =qB/2  m
cyclotron resonance frequency depends on q/m & B but does
not on v and r
Energy of ions: E = ½ mv2
=1/2 qvBr
= (qBr)2 /2m
=2m(rf)2