INTRODUCTION &

HISTORY OF
ORTHODONTICS

ANJALI GUPTA
ROLL NO : 01
CONTENT

• Introduction to orthodontics
• Definition
• Unfavorable sequelae of malocclusion
• Aim of orthodontic treatment
• The scope of orthodontic treatment
• The need for orthodontic treatment
• Services offered by the orthodontist
• History of orthodontics
 INTRODUCTION TO ORTHODONTICS
• The word orthodontics is derived from the Greek words orthos meaning correct
and odontos meaning teeth.
• The term Orthodontia was first coined by le Foulon in 1839.
• Sir James Murray (1909) suggested that it should be termed orthodontics.
• In 1976 B.E.Dewel suggested that the term dento-facial orthopaedics be
included with it as it clearly outlines the role of the speciality.
DEFINITION

• In 1922, the British Society for the study of Orthodontics has defined
the specialty as, ‘Orthodontics includes the study of the growth and
development of the jaws and face particularly, and the body generally
as influencing the position of the teeth; the study of action and
reaction of internal and external influences on the development and
the prevention and correction of arrested and perverted development.'
UNFAVORABLE SEQUELAE OF MALOCCLUSION

The following are sequelae of malocclusion

• Poor facial appearance
• Risk of caries
• Predisposition to periodontal diseases
• Psychological disturbance
• Risk of trauma
• Abnormalities of function
• Temporomandibular joint problem
POOR FACIAL APPEARANCE

• Malocclusion is capable of adversely affecting the facial appearance of

an individual
RISK OF CARIES

• Malalignment of teeth makes oral hygiene maintenance a difficult task,

thereby increasing the risk of caries.
• It may also reduce the potential for natural tooth cleansing thereby
increasing the risk of decay.
 PREDISPOSITION TO PERIODONTAL DISEASES

• Malocclusion associated with poor oral hygiene is a frequent cause of

periodontal diseases.
• Teeth that are placed in abnormal positions can be a cause for traumatic
occlusion with resultant periodontal tissue damage.
• Crowding can cause one or more teeth being squeezed buccally or lingually out
of their investing bone, resulting in reduced periodontal support.
• Traumatic overbites can also lead to increased loss of periodontal support.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE

• Malocclusion that adversely affects the appearance of person leads to

psychological disturbances.
• Unsightly appearance of teeth makes a person highly self-conscious
and turns him into an introvert.
RISK OF TRAUMA

• Teeth that are severely proclined are at a high risk of injury especially
during play or by an accidental fall.
• overjets over 3 mm have twice the risk of trauma to anterior teeth
compared with those less than 3 mm.
ABNORMALITIES OF FUNCTION

• Many malocclusions cause abnormality in the functioning of the

stomatognathic system such as improper deglutition, defects in speech,
improper respiration
• Many malocclusions are associated
with difficulty in biting and chewing.
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT PROBLEM

• Malocclusions associated with occlusal prematurities and deep bite are

believed to be a cause of TMJ problems such as pain and dysfunction.
AIM OF ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT

• The aims and objectives of orthodontic therapy have been summarized

by Jackson as the "Jackson's triad".
• The three main objectives of orthodontic treatment are:
 Functional efficiency
 Structural balance and
 Aesthetic harmony.
FUNCTIONAL EFFICIENCY

• Many malocclusions affect normal functioning of the stomatognathic

system.
• The orthodontic treatment should thus aim at improving the
functioning of the oro-facial apparatus.
STRUCTURAL BALANCE

• The oro-facial region consists of the dento-alveolar system, the skeletal

tissue and the soft tissue including musculature.
• Stable orthodontic treatment is best achieved by maintaining a
balance between these three tissue systems.
AESTHETIC HARMONY

• The most common reason for seeking orthodontic care is to improve

the appearance of the teeth and face.
• Many malocclusions are associated with unsightly appearance of teeth
and can thus affect the individual's self-image, well-being and success
in society. Thus the orthodontic treatment should aim at improving the
aesthetics of the individual.
THE SCOPE OF ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT

• Alteration in tooth position

• Alteration in skeletal pattern
• Alteration in soft tissue
ALTERATION IN TOOTH POSITION

• Orthodontic treatment is made possible by the fact that teeth can be

moved through the bone to ideal locations by applying appropriate
force on them.
ALTERATION IN SKELETAL PATTERN

• Malocclusion may be associated with skeletal disharmony involving the

jaw bones (i.e. maxilla and mandible).
• Deviations from the normal can arise in size, position and relationship
between these skeletal components.
• It is within the scope of an orthodontist to apply appropriate
orthopaedic forces that are capable of restraining, promoting or
redirecting skeletal growth so as to normalize the skeletal system.
ALTERATION IN SOFT TISSUE

• The soft tissue that envelop the dentition ate greatly influenced by the
placement of the dentition.
• It is possible to bring about favorable changes in soft tissues pattern by
orthodontics treatment.
THE NEED FOR ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT

• The three main reasons for carrying out orthodontic treatment

1. . To improve dento-facial appearance
• The most common reason for undergoing orthodontic treatment is
improving the appearance of the teeth.
• It is well established that poor dental appearance can have a
psychosocial effect on children.
• It improves the sense of well-being and has a profound effect on the
quality of life.
2. To correct the occlusal relationship and function of the teeth
• Malocclusion can sometimes present with improper occlusion of
teeth.
• This can cause difficulty in mastication as a result of inability to
bite or chew.
3. To eliminate occlusion that could be potentially damaging to health of
teeth and periodontium
• Certain malocclusions can have detrimental effect on the
periodontium. Examples include traumatic bites associated with deep
bite and root resorption due to crowded and impacted teeth. Severe
crowding of teeth can cause caries of dentition teeth which are
proclined can be at a risk of trauma resulting in fracture or avulsion.
SERVICES OFFERED BY THE ORTHODONTIST (BRANCHES)

The services offered by an orthodontist can be broadly classified as:

• Preventive orthodontics
• Interceptive orthodontics
• Corrective orthodontics
• Surgical orthodontics
PREVENTIVE ORTHODONTICS

• It is the action taken to preserve the integrity of what appears to be

normal occlusion at a specific time.
• The preventive measure may include : Caries control, anatomical
dental restoration, space maintenance, transitory oral habit correction
and supervising exfoliation of deciduous teeth.
INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS

• It is that phase of the science and art of orthodontics, employed to

recognize and eliminate potential irregularities and malposition in the
developing dentofacial complex.
CORRECTIVE ORTHODONTICS

• Orthodontic procedure undertaken to correct a fully established

malocclusion.
• These procedure may be mechanical, functional, or surgical in nature.
SURGICAL ORTHODONTICS

• They are surgical procedure that are undertaken in conjunction with or

as an adjunct to orthodontic treatment.
• These procedure are usually carried out to remove an etiologic factor
or to treat very severe dento-facial deformities that cannot be treated
by orthodontic therapy alone.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• Oldest specialty of dentistry.

• Evidences suggest that attempts were made to treat
malocclusion as early as 1000 BC.
• Primitive appliances to move teeth have been found in Greek and
Etruscan excavations.
HIPPOCRATES

• The Greek physician Hippocrates (460-377 BC) is

believed to be the pioneer in the medical science.
• First to establish medical tradition based on acts rather than religion or
fancy.
•ARISTOTLE

• Aristotle (384 -322 BC) was a Greek philosopher

who gave medical science the first system of comparative anatomy.
• Aristotle was the first writer who studied human teeth and compared
them with those of various other species.
AULIUS CORNELIUS CELSUS

• The fist recorded suggestion for active treatment malocclusion was by

Aulius Cornelius Celsus (25 B.C - A.D. 50) who advocated the use of
finger pressure to align irregular teeth.
PIERRE FAUCHARD

• Pierre Fauchard a French dentist is considered

the founder of modern dentistry.
• As early as 1723, he developed what is probably the first orthodontic
appliance called Bandelette, that was designed to expand the dental
arch
EDWARD H. ANGLE

• Edward H. Angle is considered the "Father of Modern orthodontics" for

his numerous contributions to this speciality.
• Through this leadership, orthodontics was separated from other
branches of dentistry to establish itself as a speciality.
• Angle's contributions include a classification of malocclusion and
orthodontics appliance such as Pin and tube and the Edgewise
appliance.
• Angle also started a school of orthodontics at St. Louis, New London,
Connecticut in which many of the pioneer American ortho-dentists
were trained.
• Angle believed that the whole complement of teeth could be retained
and yet good occlusion could be achieved.
• He thus advocated arch for the most patients
NORMAN KINGSLEY

• Norman Kingsley an American dentist,

was the first to use extra oral force to correct protruding teeth.
• He is considered as the pioneer in cleft palate treatment.
EMERSON C. ANGELL

• Emerson C. Angell (1823-1903)

first advocated the opening of the mid-palatal suture, a procedure which
later came to be known as rapid maxillary expansion.
WILLIAM E. MAGILL

• William E. Magill (1823-1896)

was the first person to band teeth for active tooth movement.
CALVIN CASE

• Calvin Case (1847-1923) believed that facial improvement was a guide

to orthodontic treatment.
• Case also claims to the first orthodontist to use intermaxillary elastics.
• Calvin was a critic of Angle and opposed Angle's philosophy of arch
expansion to treat most cases..
• He advocated the removal of certain teeth to achieve stable treatment
results and to improve facial esthetics.
HOLLY BROADBENT AND HOFARATH

• In 1931, Holly Broadbent and Hofarath independently developed

cephalometric radiography which standardised the positioning of the
head in relation to the film and X-Ray source.
• These radiograph made it possible to visualize the cranial and facial
skeleton. This can be considered major advancement in orthodontic
diagnosis and treatment planning.
HENRY A. BAKER

• Henry A. Baker in 1893 introduced what is called

Baker's anchorage or the use of intermaxillary elastic to treat
malocclusion.
• Pierre Robin in 1902 introduced a Monobloc which protruded the
mandible forward in patients with glossoptosis.
• Brunocore in 1955 introduced the acid etch technique.
• Dewey also modified Angle's classification of malocclusion.