LESSON 2:

Qualitative Research and Its Importance

 QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

• collect data in the form of numbers
(e.g. height, weight and age of a
person, the daily or monthly income of
an employee)
• measurable
• research questions answer how many
or strength of relationship or difference
• objective
• methods include census, survey,
experiments and secondary analysis
• collect data in the form of words or
statements (e.g. qualitative
observation)
• interpretive
• research questions answer what and
why
• subjective
• methods include field research, case
study, and secondary analysis
Examples of research topics:
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

• Predictors of science performance • Students’ images of chemistry

• Growth performance of organic • Gender and cultural gaps in the
fertilizer classroom
• Population rate in Metro Manila in the • Science practices of the Mangyan
next 20 years tribe
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• involves gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data based on observations
made about the participants of the study
• “Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuses on the way
people interpret and make sense of their experiences and the world in
which they live.” (Hollway, 1997, p.2)
• “The goal of qualitative research is the development of concepts which
help us to understand social phenomena in natural (rather than
experimental) settings, giving due emphasis to the meanings, experiences,
and views of all participants.”
Approaches in Qualitative Research

A. Ethnography
B. Phenomenology
C. Grounded Theory
D. Historical Approach
E. Case Study
Approaches in Qualitative Research
A. ETHNOGRAPHY
• the ethnographer studies the entire culture of a particular group
• the most common ethnographic approach is participant observation, in which
the researcher becomes immersed in the culture under study as an active
participant, taking extensive notes about observations and impressions
• the main purpose of this study is the development of cultural theories

Example:
What is the demographic profile and migratory adaptations of squatter families in
Barangay Cutcut, Angeles City (dela Cruz, 1994)?
Approaches in Qualitative Research
B. PHENOMENOLOGY
• explores the world of the participants by gaining thoughts, insights, and
perceptions to a particular phenomenon
• the researcher tries to investigate an individual’s thoughts and perceptions and
find the common ground to every experience
• it examines human experiences (lived experiences) through the descriptions
provided by subjects or respondents

Example:
What are the common experiences encountered by a person with a spouse who is
undergoing rehabilitation?
Approaches in Qualitative Research
C. NARRATIVE RESEARCH
• narrates the life experiences of an individual told to the researcher or from
available document or material
• highlights special events in the individual’s life
• this could be biography or autobiography

Example:
How does a good everyday life come about when living with chronic rheumatic
conditions?
Approaches in Qualitative Research
D. GROUNDED THEORY
• aims to generate a theory from the data which are analyzed and interpreted
inductively
• the method involves comparing collected units of data against one another until
categories, properties, and hypotheses that state relations between these categories
and properties emerge
• this is the result of thorough interviews and observations

Example:
Ten school counselors were given structured interviews to help determine how their
professional identity is formed
Approaches in Qualitative Research
E. CASE STUDY
• presents a detailed analysis or in-depth examination of a specific case
• the researcher focuses only on one particular case (in an individual, one group of
people, or one school)
• some of its purposes is to gain insights into a little-known problem, provide
background data for broader studies, and explain socio-psychological and socio-
cultural processes

Example:
How do cancer survivors look at life?
Importance of Qualitative Research
• exploration
• complexity
• context
• explanation
• measures do not fit the problem well
OUTLINE OF A QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH PAPER
RESEARCH OUTLINE

A. Initial Pages
B. Title of Chapters
C. References
A. INITIAL PAGES may contain the following:
• Title Page
• Approval Sheet
• Abstract
• Acknowledgment
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
B. TITLE OF CHAPTERS

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background

• Introduction, Background of the Study
• Statement of the Problem
• Scope and Delimitation
• Significance of the Study
B. TITLE OF CHAPTERS

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

•Conceptual Framework
•Definition of Terms

Chapter 3: Methodology of the Study

• Research Design
• Respondents of the Study/Population of Samples
• Instrument of the Study
• Data Gathering Procedure
• Data Processing Procedure
B. TITLE OF CHAPTERS

Chapter 3: Methodology of the Study

• Research Design
• Respondents of the Study/Population of Samples
• Instrument of the Study
• Data Gathering Procedure
• Data Processing Procedure
B. TITLE OF CHAPTERS
Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation
of Data
• Presentation of Data
• Analysis of Data
• Interpretation of Data
B. TITLE OF CHAPTERS
Chapter 5: Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and
Recommendations
• Summary of Findings
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
 STEPS IN DOING
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
STEPS IN DOING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Identification of the phenomenon to be studied.
2. Identification of the participants in the study.
3. Generation of hypothesis.
4. Data collection.
5. Data analysis.
6. Interpretations and conclusions.
 METHODS IN
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Interviews
2. Observations
3. Focus Group Discussion
4. Textual Analysis