APEX INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT: CSE
Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
Introduction to Computer Graphics
Course # CSG-231 | Lecture IX & X
Yogiraj Bhale(E-10488)_

3-D Viewing DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

Mahendra Sharma
Course Objectives

• To understand growing
COB1 importance of graphics in
computer field. .
• To gain familiarity with basic
COB2 algorithms and techniques of
computer graphics.
• To prepare students to design
COB3 graphics systems and application
programs .

Mahendra Sharma
 Pre-requisites
• Basic understanding of C programming language:
• Good working knowledge of data structures
• Basic Knowledge of Geometric Algebra

Mahendra Sharma
Course Outcome

CO1 : Understand the graphics hardware used in field of

computer graphics.
After
this
CO2 : Understand the concept of graphics primitives
course,
like lines and circle based on different algorithms.
students
will be
CO3 : Apply the 2D graphics transformations, composite
able to transformation and Clipping concepts.

Mahendra Sharma
Parallel Projection View Volume
Orthographic & Oblique
• Orthographic parallel projection
• the projection is perpendicular to the view plane

• Oblique parallel projection

• The projectors are inclined with respect to the view plane
Orthographic Projections
• DOP perpendicular to view plane

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Orthographic Projections
• DOP perpendicular to view plane

Front

Top Side
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Orthographic Coordinates

x p  x, yp  y

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Oblique Projections
• DOP not perpendicular to view plane

Cavalier Cabinet
(DOP at 45 )  (DOP at 63.4 ) 

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Oblique Projections
• DOP not perpendicular to view plane
• Cavalier projection
tan   1,   45

• Cabinet projection

tan   2 ,   63.4

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Parallel Projection Matrix
• General parallel projection transformation
x p  x  L cos  , y p  y  L sin 
z z
tan   , L   zL1
L tan 
x p  x  z ( L1 cos  )
y p  y  z ( L1 sin  )

Where L1 is the inverse

of tan α , which is also
the value of L when z=1

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Parallel Projection Matrix
• General parallel projection transformation

 x p  1 0 L1 cos  0  x 
y  
 p   0 1 L1 sin  0  y 
 z p  0 0 0 0  z 
    
 w p  0 0 0 1  1 

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Parallel Projection Matrix

1 0 L1 cos  0
0 1 L1 sin  0
M parallel  
0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 1
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Taxonomy of Projections
Planar geometric projection

Parallel Perspective

Orthographic Oblique One-point Three-point

Two-point
Top
Axonometric Cabinet Other
Front
Cavalier
Side

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Perspective Projection
• Map points onto “view plane” along “projectors” emanating from
“center of projection”(cop)
r s
c to
oje
Pr

Center of
View Plane
Projection

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Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?

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Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?

Three-point
perspective

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Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?

Three-point Two-point
perspective perspective

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Perspective Projection
• How many vanishing point?

Three-point Two-point One-point

perspective perspective perspective

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Perspective Projection View Volume

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Perspective Projection
• Compute 2D coordinates from 3D coordinates with similar triangles

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Perspective Projection
• Compute 2D coordinates from 3D coordinates with similar triangles

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Perspective Projection Matrix
• 4x4 matrix representation?
x p  xD z x'  x
y p  yD z y'  y
zp  D z'  z
wp  1 wp  z D

 x p  ? ? ? ?  x 
y  
 p   ? ? ? ?  y 
 z p  ? ? ? ?  z 
    
 w p  ? ? ? ?  1 
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Perspective Projection Matrix
• 4x4 matrix representation?
x p  xD z x'  x
y p  yD z y'  y
zp  D z'  z
wp  1 wp  z D

 x p  1 0 0  x 
0
y  
 p   0 1 0 0  y 
 z p  0 0 1 0  z 
    
 w p  0 0 1 D 0  1 

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Perspective Projection Matrix
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0   0 1 0 0
  0 1 0 0  
M PER  0 0   0
0 0 0 0 0  0 0 1 0
 1   0 1 
 0 0 1  0 0 0 1  0 1
 D    D 
Perspective Orthographic Perspective
projection projection transformation

Center of Projection on the x axis Center of Projection on the y axis

 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
 0 0 0
 1 0   1 0 0

M PER  0 0 0 0 M PER  0 0 0 0
 1   1 
D 0 0 1 0 0 1
 x   Dy 
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Perspective Projection Matrix
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
  or    
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
     
r s 0 1 0 s t 1 r s t 1

2-point perspectives 3-point perspectives

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Taxonomy of Projections
Planar geometric projection

Parallel Perspective

Orthographic Oblique One-point Three-point

Two-point
Top
Axonometric Cabinet Other
Front
Cavalier
Side

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Perspective vs. Parallel
• Perspective projection
+ Size varies inversely with distance – looks realistic
– Distance and angles are not(in general) preserved
– Parallel line do not (in general) remain parallel
• Parallel projection
+ Good for exact measurements
+ Parallel lines remain parallel
– Angles are not (in general) preserved
– Less realistic looking

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Classical Viewing

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Mahendra Sharma