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Arterial Blood Gas.ppt1
Arterial Blood Gas.ppt1
Clinical Interpretation
Dr R.S.Gangwar
MD, PDCC, FIPM
Assistant Professor
Geriatric ICU,DGMH
Outline
1. Common Errors During ABG Sampling
2. Components of ABG
3. Discuss simple steps in analyzing ABGs
4. Calculate the anion gap
5. Calculate the delta gap
6. Differentials for specific acid-base disorders
Delayed Analysis
pH 0.01 0.001
PCO2 1 mm Hg 0.1 mm Hg
Steady State:
EXCESSIVE HEPARIN
Dilutionaleffect on results HCO3- & PaCO2
Only .05 ml heperin required for 1 ml blood.
CO2 elimination:
Controlled by the respiratory system
Change in pH result in change in PCO2 within minutes
HCO3- elimination:
Controlled by the kidneys
Change in pH result in change in HCO3-
It takes hours to days and full compensation occurs in 2-
5 days
Normal Values
Variable Normal Normal
Range(2SD)
pCO2 40 35-45
Bicarbonate 24 22-26
Albumin 4 4
Steps for ABG analysis
1. What is the pH? Acidemia or Alkalemia?
2. What is the primary disorder present?
3. Is there appropriate compensation?
4. Is the compensation acute or chronic?
5. Is there an anion gap?
6. If there is a AG check the delta gap?
7. What is the differential for the clinical processes?
Step 1:
Look at the pH: is the blood acidemic or alkalemic?
EXAMPLE :
65yo M with CKD presenting with nausea, diarrhea and acute
respiratory distress
ABG :ABG 7.23/17/235 on 50% VM
BMP Na 123/ Cl 97/ HCO3 7/BUN 119/ Cr 5.1
ACIDMEIA OR ALKALEMIA ????
EXAMPLE ONE
ABG 7.23/17/235 on 50% VM
BMP Na 123/ Cl 97/ HCO3 7/BUN 119/ Cr
5.1
Answer PH = 7.23 , HCO3 7
Acidemia
Step 2: What is the primary disorder?
OR
pCO2 = 1.2 ( HCO3)
If serum pCO2 > expected pCO2 -> additional respiratory
acidosis and vice versa
Metabolic Alkalosis
Expected PCO2 = 0.7 × HCO3 + (21 ± 2)
OR
pCO2 = 0.7 ( HCO3)
If serum pCO2 < expected pCO2 - additional respiratory
alkalosis and vice versa
EXAMPLE
ABG 7.23/17/235 on 50% VM
BMP Na 123/ Cl 97/ HCO3 7/BUN 119/ Cr 5.
AG = Na – Cl – HCO3 (normal 12 ± 2)
123 – 97 – 7 = 19
AG corrected = AG + 2.5[4 – albumin]
= 19 + 2.5 [4 – 2]
= 19 + 5 = 24
Step 6: Calculate Delta Gap
Delta gap = (actual AG – 12) + HCO3
Adjusted HCO3 should be 24 (+_ 6) {18-30}
If delta gap > 30 -> additional metabolic alkalosis
If delta gap < 18 -> additional non-gap metabolic
acidosis
If delta gap 18 – 30 -> no additional metabolic
disorders
EXAMPLE : Delta Gap
ABG 7.23/17/235 on 50% VM
BMP Na 123/ Cl 97/ HCO3 7/BUN 119/ Cr 5/ Albumin 4.
Acetazolamide, Addison’s
Dx-METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
Case-4
7.46/20/80 on room air, HCO3- 16, anion
gap = 12, albumin = 4.0
1: pH = Alkalemia (pH > 7.4)
2:CO2 = Base (CO2<40)
So Primary disturbance = Respiratory Alkalosis
3 &4: Compensation? acute or chronic? Chronic
ΔCO2 =40-20= 20.
If chronic the pH will increase 0.06 (0.003 x 20 = 0.06)
pH would be 7.46.
If acute the pH will increase 0.16 (0.008 x 20 = 0.16) pH
would be 7.56.
Contd….
5: Anion gap – N/A
6: There is a chronic respiratory alkalosis, is there
a metabolic problem also?
Chronic: ΔHCO3- = 4 mEq/L↓/10mmHg↓pCO2
The pCO2 is down by 20 so it is expected that the
HCO3- will go down by 8. Expected HCO3- is 16, therefore
there is no additional metabolic disorder.
Dx-CHRONIC RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
Case-5
7.19/35/60 on 7L, HCO3- 9, anion gap = 18,
albumin = 4.0
1: pH = Acidemia (pH < 7.4)