BASIC MARINE

ENGINEERING
Precious Joy P. Evangelista RN, MAN, LPT
Instructor
 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF TWO-STROKE &
FOUR - STROKE DIESEL ENGINE CYCLE
A four-stroke (also known as four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion
(IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning
the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along with the
cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:

1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins
at the top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at the bottom dead center (B.D.C.).
In this stroke, the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston
pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing vacuum pressure into
the cylinder through its downward motion. The piston is moving down as
the downward motion is sucking in the air against the piston.
2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the
suction stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke, the piston compresses
the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke
(below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this
stage.
3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of
the second revolution of the four-stroke cycle. At this point, the
crankshaft has completed a full 360-degree revolution. While the piston
is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke), the compressed air-
fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat
generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the
piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine
to turn the crankshaft.
4. Exhaust: Also known as an outlet. During the exhaust
stroke, the piston, once again, returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C.
while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-
fuel mixture through the exhaust valve.
A two-stroke diesel engine is a Diesel engine that works in two strokes. It was
invented by Hugo Güldner in 1899. All diesel engines use compression ignition, a process
by which fuel is injected after the air is compressed in the combustion chamber, thereby
causing the fuel to self-ignite .
• The low-speed engine is characterized by rated speeds in the range of 80–120
revolutions per minute. Whereas medium-speed engines are widely employed ashore, the
low-speed engine is almost exclusively a marine engine that is designed to match efficient
propeller speeds without recourse to a speed-reducing.
Fuel Oil System

• Two principal types of pipes carry fuel, and they are categorized by the pressure the
pipe is designed to withstand. Low-pressure pipes are used to move fuel from a storage
tank to a service tank to an injection pump; high-pressure pipes are used to deliver fuel
from an injection pump to an engine combustion chamber. Ships’ fuel is usually stored in
doublebottom tanks, deep tanks, side bunker tanks, settling tanks, or service tanks. Piping
between a service tank and a fuel transfer or booster pump is rated as low pressure.
However, between each pumping stage, pressure increases.
LUBRICATING OIL SYSTEM
• Lubricating oil for an engine is stored in the bottom of the
crankcase, known as the sump, or in a drain tank located
beneath the engine. The oil is drawn from this tank through a
strainer, one of a pair of pumps, into one of a pair of fine
filters. It is then passed through a cooler before entering the
engine and being distributed to the various branch pipes.
•The branch pipe for a particular cylinder may feed the main
bearing, for instance. Some of this oil will pass along a drilled
passage in the crankshaft to the bottom end bearing and then
up a drilled passage in the connecting rod to the gudgeon pin
or crosshead bearing.
COOLING WATER SYSTEM
• Cooling of engines is achieved by circulating a cooling liquid around
internal passages within the engine. The cooling liquid is thus heated
up and is, in turn, cooled by seawater circulated cooler. Without
adequate cooling certain parts of the engine which are exposed to very
high temperatures, as a result of burning fuel, would soon fail.

• Cooling enables the engine metals to retain their mechanical

properties. The usual coolant used in freshwater: seawater is not used
directly as a coolant because of its corrosive action. Lubricating oil is
sometimes used for piston cooling since leaks into the crankcase would
not cause problems. As a result of its lower specific heat, however,
about twice the quantity of oil compared to water would be required.
 •Water carried in pipes is used to cool machinery. The main
engine is cooled by two separate but linked systems: (1) an open
system (sea-to-sea) in which water is taken from and returned to
the sea (seawater cooling), (2) a closed system where freshwater
is circulated an engine casing (freshwater cooling).
•Freshwater is used to cooling machinery directly, whereas
seawater is used to cool fresh water passing through a heat
exchanger. The particular feature of an engine cooling system is
continuous fluid flow. Fluid in motion causes abrasive corrosion
and erosion. To reduce the effects of turbulent flows, seawater
systems incorporate large diameter mild steel pipes, the ends of
which open to the sea through sea chests where gate valves are
fitted.